References
Rossignol DA, Genuis SJ, Frye RE. Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Transl Psychiatry. 2014;4:e360.
Lam J, Sutton P, Kalkbrenner A, Windham G, Halladay A, Koustas E, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple airborne pollutants and autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0161851.
Flores-Pajot MC, Ofner M, Do MT, Lavigne E, Villeneuve PJ. Childhood autism spectrum disorders and exposure to nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter air pollution: A review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2016;151:763–76.
Jeddi MZ, Janani L, Memari AH, Akhondzadeh S, Yunesian M. The role of phthalate esters in autism development: A systematic review. Environ Res. 2016; 151:493–504.
Cimino AM, Boyles AL, Thayer KA, Perry MJ. Effects of neonicotinoid pesticide exposure on human health: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125:155–62.
Pagalan L, Bickford C, Weikum W, Lanphear B, Brauer M, Lanphear N, et al. Association of prenatal exposure to air pollution with autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Pediatr 2018 Nov 19. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.3101. [Epub ahead of print].
No authors listed. The Bradford Hill Criteria. Available from: https://doi.org/www.southalabama.edu/coe/bset/johnson/bonus/Ch11/Causality%20criteria.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2018.
Kern JK, Geier DA, Homme KG, King PG, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, et al. Developmental neurotoxicants and the vulnerable male brain: a systematic review of suspected neurotoxicants that disproportionally affect males. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2017;77:269–96.
Hamza M, Halayem S, Mrad R, Bourgou S, Charfi F, Belhadj A. Epigenetics’ implication in autism spectrum disorders: A review. Encephale. 2017;43:374–81 [Article in French].
Crafa D, Warfa N. Maternal migration and autism risk: systematic analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2015;27:64–71.
References
Madsen C, Gehring U, Walker SE, Brunekreef B, Stigum H, Naess O, et al. Ambient air pollution exposure, residential mobility and term birth weight in Oslo, Norway. Environ Res. 2010;110:363–71.
Pedersen M, Giorgis-Allemand L, Bernard C, Aguilera I, Andersen AM, Ballester F. et al. Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: a European cohort study (ESCAPE). Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1:695–704.
Pedersen M, Stayner L, Slama R, Sorensen M, Figueras F, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, et al. Ambient air pollution and pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2014;64:494–500
Salam MT, Millstein J, Li YF, Lurmann FW, Margolis HG, Gilliland FD. Birth outcomes and prenatal exposure to ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter: results from the Children’s Health Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005;113:1638–44.
Slama R, Morgenstern V, Cyrys J, Zutavern A, Herbarth O, Wichmann HE, et al. Traffic-related atmospheric pollutants levels during pregnancy and offspring’s term birth weight: A study relying on a land-use regression exposure model. Env. Health Perspect. 2007;115:1283–92.
Slama R, Thiébaugeorges O, Goua V, Annesi-Maesano I, Sacco P, Bohet A, et al. Maternal personal exposure to benzene during pregnancy and intrauterine growth. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:1313–21.
Siddique S, Banerjee M, Ray MR, Lahiri T. Attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder in children chronically exposed to high level of vehicular pollution. Eur J Pediatr. 2011;170:923–9.
Pagalan L, Bickford C, Weikum W, Lanphear B, Brauer M, Lanphear N, et al. Association of prenatal exposure to air pollution with autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Pediatr 2018 Nov 19. doi:10. 1001/jamapediatrics. 2018. 3101. [Epub ahead of print].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mathew, J.L., Sharma, A. Is Autism Spectrum Disorder in Early Childhood Related to Antenatal Exposure to Air Pollution?. Indian Pediatr 56, 63–66 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-019-1470-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-019-1470-1