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Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease: A Gateway to Therapeutics?

  • Review
  • Published:
Neurotherapeutics

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology, although a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors has been implicated as a pathogenic mechanism of selected neuronal loss. A better understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease process may be gained from research on animal models. While cell and tissue models are helpful in unraveling involved molecular pathways, animal models are much better suited to study the pathogenesis and potential treatment strategies. The animal models most relevant to PD include those generated by neurotoxic chemicals that selectively disrupt the catecholaminergic system such as 6-hydroxydopamine; 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine; agricultural pesticide toxins, such as rotenone and paraquat; the ubiquitin proteasome system inhibitors; inflammatory modulators; and several genetically manipulated models, such as α-synuclein, DJ-1, PINK1, Parkin, and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 transgenic or knock-out animals. Genetic and nongenetic animal models have their own unique advantages and limitations, which must be considered when they are employed in the study of pathogenesis or treatment approaches. This review provides a summary and a critical review of our current knowledge about various in vivo models of PD used to test novel therapeutic strategies.

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Acknowledgments

Writing of this article was supported by the Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation. Full conflict of interest disclosures are available in the electronic supplementary material for this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1st Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China

    Weidong Le

  2. Department of Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Padmarao Nagar, Secunderabad, AP, 500020, India

    Pavani Sayana

  3. Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Joseph Jankovic

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  1. Weidong Le
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Correspondence to Joseph Jankovic.

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Le, W., Sayana, P. & Jankovic, J. Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease: A Gateway to Therapeutics?. Neurotherapeutics 11, 92–110 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-013-0234-1

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