Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors and Fracture Risk

Table 2 Characteristics of the major trials that evaluated sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

References	Trial	n	Inclusion criteria	Age (years)	Female (%)	BMI (kg/m²)	T2DM duration (years	Follow-up (years)	Fracture risk
[7]	CANVAS	10,142	Established CVD or age ≥ 50 years with ≥ 2 cardiovascular risk factors	63	36	32.0	13.5	2.4	HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04–1.52
[26]	CREDENCE	4401	Chronic kidney disease	63	34	31.3	15.8	2.6	HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.70–1.37
[8]	DECLARE-TIMI 58	17,160	Established CVD or multiple cardiovascular risk factors	64	37	32.0	10.5	4.2	HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.91–1.18
[27]	DAPA-HF	1983	New York Heart Association class II, III, or IV heart failure and ejection fraction ≤ 40%	66	23	28.2	NR	1.8	2.1% in both placebo and dapagliflozin group
[9]	EMPA-REG OUTCOME	7020	Established CVD	63	29	30.6	NR	3.1	3.9% and 3.8% in the placebo and empagliflozin group, respectively

BMI body mass index, CANVAS Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study, CVD cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, CREDENCE Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation, DECLARE-TIMI 58 Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events trial, DAPA-HF Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure, NR not reported, EMPA-REG OUTCOME Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients trial