Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Push-Out Tests on Interlocked Angles Connectors in Steel-Concrete-Steel Composite Structure

  • Published:
International Journal of Steel Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper reported a new interlocked angle connector (IAC) for steel-concrete-steel sandwich structures. Shear performances of IACs embedded in normal concrete were studied via a push-out testing program, and the failure mode, shear resistance, and load–slip responses of IACs in normal concrete were obtained. The influences of height, width, thickness, orientation of steel angles, and interlocking bolts on shear behaviours of IACs were experimentally studied. The experimental results indicated that the ultimate shear resistances and slip capacities of IACs were improved via increasing the height, width and thickness of steel angles, while the orientation of steel angles exhibited limited influence on the ultimate shear resistances and failure modes of IACs. In addition, the analytical models were proposed for predicting ultimate shear resistances and load–slip behaviours of IACs. The experimental results were employed to validate the analytical models, and the proposed analytical models were found to provide more accurate predictions on ultimate shear resistances and load–slip behaviours of IACs as compared to the existing design codes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AASHTO. (2004). AASHTO-LRFD bridge design specifications (3rd ed.). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

  • Aboobucker, M. A. M., Wang, T. Y., & Liew, J. Y. R. (2009). An experimental investigation on shear bond strength between steel and fresh cast concrete using epoxy. The IES Journal Part a: Civil & Structural Engineering, 2(2), 107–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arévalo, D., Hernández, L., Gómez, C., Velasteguí, G., Guaminga, E., Baquero, R., & Dibujés, R. (2021). Structural performance of steel angle shear connectors with different orientation. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14, e00523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berthet, J. F., Yurtdas, I., Delmas, Y., & Li, A. (2011). Evaluation of the adhesion resistance between steel and concrete by push out test. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 31(2), 75–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BSI. (2004). Design of composite steel and concrete structures-Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. BS EN 1994-1-1. Brussels: British Standards Institution.

  • Dai, X. X., & Liew, J. Y. R. (2010). Fatigue performance of lightweight steel–concrete–steel sandwich systems. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 66(2), 256–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foundoukos, N., Xie, M., & Chapman, J. C. (2007). Fatigue tests on steel–concrete–steel sandwich components and beams. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 63(7), 922–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gattesco, N., & Giuriani, E. (1996). Experimental study on stud shear connectors subjected to cyclic loading. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 38(1), 1–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Z., & Liew, J. Y. R. (2016). Steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite structures subjected to extreme loads. International Journal of Steel Structure, 16(4), 1009–1028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalilian, M. (2015). Angle shear connectors capacity. Modares Civil Engineering Journal, 15(3), 51–62.

  • Khorramian, K., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., & Ramli, S. N. H. (2015). Behavior of tilted angle shear connectors. PLoS ONE, 10(12), 0144288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiyomiya, O., & Yokota, H. (1986). Strength of shear connector by shape steel in composite member with steel and concrete. In Proc. of Symposium on Research and Application of Composite Constructions, JSCE (pp. 113–118).

  • Liew, J. Y. R., Sohel, K. M. A., & Koh, C. G. (2009). Impact tests on steel–concrete–steel sandwich beams with lightweight concrete core. Engineering Structures, 31(9), 2045–2059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liew, J. Y. R., & Wang, T. Y. (2011). Novel steel concrete steel sandwich composite plates subject to impact and blast load. Advances in Structural Engineering, 14(4), 673–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, M., Lin, W., Wang, Q., & Wang, X. (2018). The deployable element, a new closure joint construction method for immersed tunnel. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 80, 290–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, L., Wang, Y., & Zhai, X. (2020). Modeling and dynamic response of curved steel–concrete–steel sandwich shells under blast loading. International Journal of Steel Structures, 20(5), 1663–1681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MOHURD. (2011). Metallic materials-tensile testing-part 1: Method of test at room temperature. GB/T228. 1–2010. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.

  • MOHURD. (2017). Standard for design of steel structures. GB50017–2017. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.

  • Nie, J. G., Hu, H. S., Fan, J. S., Tao, M. X., Li, S. Y., & Liu, J. F. (2013). Experimental study on seismic behaviour of high strength concrete filled double-steel-plate composite walls. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 88, 206–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oduyemi, T. O. S., & Wright, H. D. (1989). An experimental investigation into the behaviour of double skin sandwich beams. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 19, 197–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ollgaard, J. G., Slutter, R. G., & Fisher, J. W. (1971). Shear strength of stud connectors in lightweight and normal-weight concrete. AISC Engineering Journal, 8(2), 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallarés, L., & Hajjar, J. F. (2010). Headed steel stud anchors in composite structures, Part II: Tension and interaction. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 66(2), 213–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin, Y., Shu, G. P., Fan, S. G., Lu, Y. J., Cao, S., & Han, H. J. (2017). Strength of double skin steel-concrete composite walls. International Journal of Steel Structures, 17(2), 535–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remennikov, A., Gan, E. C. J., Ngo, T., & Netherton, M. D. (2019). The development and ballistic performance of protective steel-concrete composite barriers against hypervelocity impacts by explosively formed projectiles. Composite Structures, 207, 625–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sah, T. P., Wang, Y., & Lu, J. (2021). Finite element modeling of steel–concrete–steel sandwich beams with bolt connectors under drop weight impact. International Journal of Steel Structures, 21(5), 1878–1893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sener, K. C., Varma, A. H., Booth, P. N., & Fujimoto, R. (2015). Seismic behavior of a containment internal structure consisting of composite SC walls. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 295, 804–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shariati, M., Ramli, S. N. H., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad, K. M. M., & Sinaei, H. (2012). Behaviour of C-shaped angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading: An experimental study. Materials and Design, 41, 67–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shariati, M., Ramli, S. N. H., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad, K. M. M., & Sinaei, H. (2013). Comparison of behaviour between channel and angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 582–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shariati, M., Ramli, S. N. H., Shariati, A., & Kueh, A. B. H. (2016). Comparative performance of channel and angle shear connectors in high strength concrete composites: An experimental study. Construction and Building Materials, 120, 382–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S. K., Smith, D. W., & Cusens, A. R. (1976). Flexural tests of steel-concrete-steel sandwiches. Magazine of Concrete Research, 28(94), 13–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohel, K. M. A., & Liew, J. Y. R. (2011). Steel–Concrete–Steel sandwich slabs with lightweight core-Static performance. Engineering Structures, 33(3), 981–992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sohel, K. M. A., & Liew, J. Y. R. (2014). Behavior of steel–concrete–steel sandwich slabs subject to impact load. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 100, 163–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varma, A. H., Malushte, S., Sener, K. C., & Lai, Z. (2014). Steel-plate composite (SC) walls for safety related nuclear facilities: Design for in-plane force and out-of-plane moments. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 46(8), 240–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, H. D., Oduyemi, T. O. S., & Evans, H. R. (1991). The experimental behavior of double skin composite elements. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 19, 97–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T., & Yan, J. B. (2020). Developments of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite structures with novel EC connectors. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 175, 106335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Liu, Y., Chen, A., & Ruan, X. (2022a). Auto-tuning ensemble models for estimating shear resistance of headed studs in concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 52, 104470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Zhai, X., Lee, S. C., & Wang, W. (2016). Responses of curved steel-concrete-steel sandwich shells subjected to blast loading. Thin-Walled Structures, 108, 185–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Sah, T. P., Liu, S., & Zhai, X. (2022b). Experimental and numerical studies on novel stiffener-enhanced steel-concrete-steel sandwich panels subjected to impact loading. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, 103479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, M., Foundoukos, N., & Chapman, J. C. (2004). Experimental and numerical investigation on the shear behaviour of friction-welded bar–plate connections embedded in concrete. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 61, 625–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, M., Foundoukos, N., & Chapman, J. C. (2007). Static tests on steel–concrete–steel sandwich beams. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 63(6), 735–750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xue, W. C., Ding, M., Wang, H., & Luo, Z. W. (2008). Static behaviour and theoretical model of stud shear connectors. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 13(6), 623–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. B., Liew, J. Y. R., Sohel, K. M. A., & Zhang, M. H. (2014a). Push out tests on J-hook shear connectors in steel-concrete-steel sandwich structure. Materials and Structures, 47(10), 1693–1714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. B., Liew, J. Y. R., Zhang, M. H., & Wang, J. Y. (2014b). Ultimate strength behaviour of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite structures, Part 1: Experimental and analytical study. Steel and Composite Structures, 17(6), 907–927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. B., Liew, J. Y. R., & Zhang, M. H. (2015). Shear-tension interaction strength of J-hook connectors in steel-concrete-steel sandwich structure. Advanced Steel Construction, 11(1), 72–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. B., Liu, X. M., Liew, J. Y. R., Qian, X., & Zhang, M. H. (2016). Steel-concrete-steel sandwich system in Arctic offshore structures: Materials, experiments, and design. Materials & Design, 91, 111–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. B., Yan, Y. Y., Wang, T., & Li, Z. X. (2019). Seismic behaviours of SCS sandwich shear walls using J-hook connectors. Thin-Walled Structures, 144, 106308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. B., Guan, H. N., & Wang, T. (2020a). Finite element analysis for flexural behaviours of SCS sandwich beams with novel enhanced C-channel connectors. Journal of Building Engineering, 31, 101439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. B., Hu, H., & Wang, T. (2020b). Shear behaviour of novel enhanced C-channel connectors in steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite structures. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 166, 105903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J. B., Hu, H., & Wang, T. (2020c). Flexural behaviours of steel-UHPC-steel sandwich beams with J-hook connectors. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 169, 106014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota, H., & Kiyomia, O. (1987). Load carrying capacity of shear connectors made of shape steel in steel-concrete composite members. Structures division subaqueous tunnels and pipelines laboratory PARI Techinical Note 0595.

  • Zhang, W., & Koizumi, A. (2010). Behavior of composite segment for shield tunnel. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 25(4), 325–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research presented in this paper is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (Grant No. 2020YFB1901403), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52278166), the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China (Grant No. YQ2022E035), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. HITCE201903 and FRFCU5710051919) and Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund (Grant No.: LBH-Q21099 and LBH-TZ1014).

Funding

The research presented in this paper is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (Grant No. 2020YFB1901403), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52278166), the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China (Grant No. YQ2022E035), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. HITCE201903 and FRFCU5710051919) and Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund (Grant No.: LBH-Q21099 and LBH-TZ1014).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control of the Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China

    Junyi Chen, Yonghui Wang, Ximei Zhai & Xudong Zhi

  2. Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China

    Junyi Chen, Yonghui Wang, Ximei Zhai & Xudong Zhi

  3. College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150000, China

    Menghan Sun

Authors
  1. Junyi Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yonghui Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ximei Zhai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xudong Zhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Menghan Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yonghui Wang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All the authors that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, J., Wang, Y., Zhai, X. et al. Push-Out Tests on Interlocked Angles Connectors in Steel-Concrete-Steel Composite Structure. Int J Steel Struct 23, 431–448 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-022-00704-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-022-00704-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation