Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of small black soybean product germinated with sulfur on immuno-redox status in C57BL/6 mice

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Molecular & Cellular Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

While germinated soybean has been well known for higher content of bioactive substances, and peptides than regular soy bean, still low levels of sulfur containing amino acids to limit its nutritional values. To overcome this, a novel biofortified small black soybean sprout with the processed sulfur (GSSP) was prepared. Using this, we compared the immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant effects with other control groups (NT: small black soy bean non-treated/saline, NSP: normal non-germinated small black soybean product only, GSP: geminated small black soybean product) in C57BL/6 mice model orally fed at 400 or 800 mg/kg/day for two weeks. On immunomodulatory test, we found that GSSP led to the highest splenocyte proliferation as well as the lowest level of nitric oxide (NO) as an inflammatory mediator when compared to NT, NSP and GSP. In line, there was a significant increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level as well as a significant decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ level in GSSP group when compared to other groups or NSP respectively. Next, redox finding was that with decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS), there was a significant increase of sulfur-rich protein glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase as endogenous antioxidants in GSP and GSSP group when compared to NT and NSP. Collectively, our study shows that biofortified small black soybean product with processed sulfur (GSSP) has the enhanced immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant effects via immunoredox balancing, importantly implying the promising candidate of soybean based-nutraceutical.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chellan, P., & Sadler, P. J. The elements of life and medicines. Philos trans A Math phys eng sci 373:2014.0812 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hoffer, L. J. Methods for measuring sulfur amino acid metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5:511–517 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Carrasco, S., Codoceo, R., Prieto, G., Lama, R. & Polanco, I. Effect of taurine supplements on growth, fat absorption and bile acid on cystic fibrosis. Acta Univ Carol Med (Praha) 36:152–156 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Azuma, J., Sawamura, A. & Awata, N. Usefulness of taurine in chronic congestive heart failure and its prospective application. Jpn Circ J 56:95–99 (1992).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ziegler, D., Reljanovic, M., Mehnert, H. & Gries, F. A. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 107:421–430 (1999).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Parcell, S. Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. Altern Med Rev 7:22–44 (2002).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mukwevho, E., Ferreira, Z. & Ayeleso, A. Potential Role of Sulfur-Containing Antioxidant Systems in Highly Oxidative Environments. Molecules 19:19376 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. White, P. J. & Broadley, M. R. Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets-iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine. New Phytol 182:49–84 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zou, T., Xu, N., Hu, G., Pang, J. & Xu, H. Biofortification of soybean sprouts with zinc and bioaccessibility of zinc in the sprouts. J Sci Food Agric 94:3053–3060 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Krishnan, H. B. Engineering Soybean for Enhanced Sulfur Amino Acid Content. Crop Science 45:2005.0454 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kwak, J. H. et al. Effects of black soy peptide supplementation on blood pressure and oxidative stress: a randomized controlled trial. Hypertens Res 36:1060–1066 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bau, H. M., Villaume, C. & Mejean, L. Effects of soybean (Glycine max) germination on biologically active components, nutritional values of seeds, and biological characteristics in rats. Nahrung 44:2–6 (2000).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Quinhone Junior, A. & Ida, E. I. Profile of the contents of different forms of soybean isoflavones and the effect of germination time on these compounds and the physical parameters in soybean sprouts. Food Chem 166:173–178 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhu, D., Hettiarachchy, N. S., Horax, R. & Chen, P. Isoflavone contents in germinated soybean seeds. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 60:147–151 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Grabau, L. J., Blevins, D. G. & Minor, H. C. Stem Infusions Enhanced Methionine Content of Soybean Storage Protein. Plant Physiology 82:1013–1018 (1986).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Ingenbleek, Y. & Kimura, H. Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease. Nutr Rev 71:12050 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Paulsen, H.-M. Sulfur in organic farming. Landbauforschung Voklenrode 283:105–110 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kim, J. H. et al. Immunotoxicity of silicon dioxide nanoparticles with different sizes and electrostatic charge. Int J Nanomedicine 9:183–193 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Park, K., Dhupal, M., Kim, C. S., Park, Y. S. & Kim, S. K. Implication of immunokine profiling for cancer staging. Medical hypotheses 88:46–48 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Poljsak, B. et al. Achieving the Balance between ROS and Antioxidants: When to Use the Synthetic Antioxidants. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013:956792 (2013).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Mebius, R. E. & Kraal, G. Structure and function of the spleen. Nat Rev Immunol 5:606–616 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chan, Y. C. et al. Nanonized black soybean enhances immune response in senescence-accelerated mice. Int J Nanomedicine 4:27–35 (2009).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Rosselli, M., Keller, P. J. & Dubey, R. K. Role of nitric oxide in the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of reproduction. Human reproduction update 4:3–24 (1998).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Król, W., Czuba, Z. P., Threadgill, M. D., Cunningham, B. D. M. & Pietsz, G. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO·) production in murine macrophages by flavones. Biochemical Pharmacology 50:1031–1035 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Park, H., Yoon, L. & Kim, H. S. Effects of Fermented Soybean Paste Chungkukjang on the Immunoreactivity in Ovariectomized Mice. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 12:1930–1939 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wu, S. H. et al. Soy food intake and circulating levels of inflammatory markers in Chinese women. J Acad Nutr Diet 112:996–1004 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea

    Madhusmita Dhupal, Cheol-Su Kim & Soo-Ki Kim

  2. Institute of Genomic Cohort, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea

    Soo-Ki Kim

  3. Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea

    Madhusmita Dhupal

  4. Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, 37208-3501, TN, USA

    Rosa Mistica C. Ignacio

  5. Postgraduate Department of Medicine, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, 753007, Odisha, India

    Diptiranjan Tripathy

Authors
  1. Madhusmita Dhupal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cheol-Su Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rosa Mistica C. Ignacio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Diptiranjan Tripathy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Soo-Ki Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Soo-Ki Kim.

Additional information

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dhupal, M., Kim, CS., Ignacio, R.M.C. et al. Effects of small black soybean product germinated with sulfur on immuno-redox status in C57BL/6 mice. Mol. Cell. Toxicol. 13, 115–124 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-017-0012-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-017-0012-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation