Abstract
Within the End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) directive, various terminology and practices are outlined to ultimately divert waste from landfill, including reuse, recycle, recovery, treatment, prevention and economic operators. Remanufacturing terminology is not explicitly stated however. Further, leading global automotive remanufacturers, have recently agreed upon a collective definition of what constitutes automotive remanufacturing. With a view to establishing remanufacturing as a stand-alone process within the ELV directive going forward, this research analyses where remanufacturing is currently situated within the ELV directive, highlighting obstacles, with a strong focus on ‘waste terminology’, of directly incorporating remanufacturing into the ELV directive and presents guidance on incorporating remanufacturing moving forward. By ignoring the concept of waste, this study found that remanufacturing processes are generally classed under reuse, recycling and recovery terminology with remanufacturing also having a tenuous relationship with treatment facilities and economic operators. In addition to highlighting the issues caused by remanufacturing spanning across recycle and reuse terminology, by incorporating waste, this research also found that automotive associations definition of remanufacturing is not able to be incorporated into the ELV directive directly. A workable solution, taking both the objectives of the ELV directive and the view of the automotive associations into consideration, was however found, and is presented in this work.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbey JD, Meloy MG, Guide VDR, Atalay S (2014) Remanufactured products in closed-loop supply chains for consumer goods. Prod Oper Manag 24:488–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12238
APRA, 2017. What is remanufacturing [WWW document]. URL https://apra.org/?page=Remanufacturing
Automotive Associations, 2016a. Remanufacturing associations agree on international industry definition [WWW document]. URL http://clepa.eu/mediaroom/remanufacturing-associations-agree-international-industry-definition/ (accessed 2.28.17)
Automotive Associations, 2016b. Remanufacturing associations agree on international industry definition [WWW document]. URL https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/apra.org/resource/resmgr/European/Reman_press_release_final_06.pdf
BS 8887-2, 2009. BSI standards publication design for manufacture, assembly, Disassembly and end - of - life processing (MADE) part 2 : terms and definitions
Buxcey, I., 2007. Remanufacturing in the automotive industry [WWW document]. URL http://www.remanufacturing.org.uk/pdf/story/3p71.pdf (accessed 3.29.17)
Council of The European Communities (1975) 75/442/EEC - Council Directive on Waste. Off J Eur Communities 0442:1–10
European Action Plan, 2015. European Union action plan for the circular economy [WWW document]. URL http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0614 (accessed 8.17.16)
European Commission, 2001. Directive 2000/53/EC on End of life vehicles - Guidance Document [WWW Document]. URL http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/guidance_doc.pdf
European Commission, 2015. Directive of the European Parliament and of the council amending directive 2008/98/EC on waste [WWW document]. URL http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/ficheprocedure.do?reference=2015/0275(COD)&l=en
European Parliament and Council (2000) Directive 2000/53/EC - End-of-Life Vehicles. Off J Eur Communities 269:34–42
European Parliament and Council, 2008. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain directives (Waste Framework Off. J. Eur. Union 312, 3–30. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098
European Parliament and Council (2012) Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Off. J. Eur. Union 197:38–71. https://doi.org/10.3000/19770677.L_2012.197.eng
European Union, 2017. Levels of ELV waste in the EU [WWW Document]. URL http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Federal Act, 2015. United States government – federal repair cost savings act of 2015 [WWW document]. URL https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/%0Asenate-bill/565/text/pl (accessed 8.17.16)
Gray, C., Charter, M., 2007. Remanufacturing and product design [WWW Document]. URL http://cfsd.org.uk/Remanufacturing and Product Design.pdf
Gurler I (2011) The analysis and impact of remanufacturing industry practices. Int Jnl Contemp Econ Adm Sci 1:25–39
Hamzaoui-Essoussi L, Linton JD (2014) Offering branded remanufactured/recycled products: at what price. Jnl Remanufactur 4:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13243-014-0009-9
Hatcher GD, Ijomah WL, Windmill JFC (2014) Design for remanufacture : a literature review and future research needs. J Clean Prod 19:2004–2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.06.019
Hazen BT, Overstreet RE, Jones-Farmer LA, Field HS (2012) The role of ambiguity tolerance in consumer perception of remanufactured products. Int J Prod Econ 135:781–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.10.011
Ijomah, W., 2002. A model-based definition of the generic remanufacturing business process. Plymouth University. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/601
Ijomah W, McMahon C, Hammond G, Newman S (2007) Development of design for remanufacturing guidelines to support sustainable manufacturing. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 23:712–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2007.02.017
King, A., Burgess, S., Ijomah, W., Mcmahon, C., 2006. Reducing waste: repair, recondition, remanufacture or recycle? Sustain Dev 267, 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.271
Lund R (1996) The remanufacturing industry: hidden Giant. Boston University Press, Boston
Lund, R., Hauser, W., 2010. An American perspective, in: 5th international conference on responsive manufacturing - green manufacturing. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2010.0404
Matsumoto M, Ijomah W (2013) Remanufacturing. In: Kauffman J, Lee K (eds) Handbook of sustainable engineering, pp 389–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8939-8
Nasr N, Thurston M (2006) Remanufacturing : a key enabler to sustainable product systems, in: proceedings of the 13th CIRP international conference on life cycle. Engineering:15–18
Paterson DAP, Ijomah W, Windmill J (2016) An analysis of end-of-life terminology in the carbon fiber reinforced plastic industry. Int J Sustain Eng 9:130–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2015.1136361
Paterson DAP, Ijomah WL, Windmill JFC (2017) End-of-life decision tool with emphasis on remanufacturing. J Clean Prod 148:653–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.011
Shu LH, Flowers WC (1999) Application of a design-for-remanufacture framework to the selection of product life-cycle fastening and joining methods. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 15:179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-5845(98)00032-5
Sundin, E., 2004. Product and process design for successful remanufacturing, PhD Thesis, Dissertation No 906, Department of Management and Engineering, Assembly technology. Linköping University, ISBN 91-85295-73-6. http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A20932&dswid=-8322
Sundin E, Lee HM (2012) In what way is remanufacturing good for the environment. In: Matsumoto M, Umeda Y, Masui K, Fukushige S (eds) Design for Innovative Value Towards a sustainable society. Springer, Dordrecht
Sundin E, Lindahl M, Ijomah W (2009) Product design for product/service systems. J Manuf Technol Manag 20:723–753. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410380910961073
Sundin, E., Sakao, T., Lindahl, M., Kao, C.C., Joungerious, B., 2016. ERN report to European Commission “map of remanufacturing business model landscape” [WWW document]. URL https://www.remanufacturing.eu/themes/business-models/
Sutherland JW, Adler DP, Haapala KR, Kumar V (2008) A comparison of manufacturing and remanufacturing energy intensities with application to diesel engine production. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 57:5–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2008.03.004
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Paterson, D.A.P., Kao, CC., Ijomah, W.L. et al. Incorporating remanufacturing into the end-of-life vehicles directive: current presence and the waste problem. Jnl Remanufactur 8, 23–37 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13243-018-0043-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13243-018-0043-0