Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Oral film technology: a perspective on translational research and clinical studies

  • Review
  • Published:
Macromolecular Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent days, the prerequisite for effective and innovative drug delivery has increased and so the oral film technology (OFT) arena is being explored extensively. Oral films rapidly dissolve and are adsorbed in the buccal cavity; thereby, the incorporated therapeutic agent(s) in them are delivered into the systemic circulation and overcome the first-pass effect. It also uplifts the efficacy and bioavailability of therapeutics with minimal or no toxicity. Owing to its simpler mode of administration, patient compliance is increased even in non-cooperative and bedridden patients in comparison to conventional solid and liquid dosage forms. The present review provides an overview of the benefits and shortcomings of oral film technologies, anatomy, physiology of the oral cavity, and the transport and mucoadhesion mechanisms of the drug through the oral mucosa. This review also highlights the different components supporting drug delivery by oral films, the various production methods of oral films, and clinical trials along with commercial films available in the market.

Graphical abstract

Oral films based drug delivery improves the bioavailability of challenging drugs

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M. Irfan, S. Rabel, Q. Bukhtar et al., Orally disintegrating films: a modern expansion in drug delivery system. Saudi Pharm J. 24(5), 537–546 (2016)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Arya, A. Chandra, V. Sharma et al., Fast dissolving oral films: an innovative drug delivery system and dosage form. Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 2(1), 576–583 (2010)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. R.G. Annigeri, M. Jadhav, Mucoadhesive patch: a novel drug delivery. Res. Rev. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 3(2), 56–62 (2014)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Mahboob, T. Riaz, M. Jamshaid et al., Oral films: a comprehensive review. Int. Curr. Pharm. J. 5(12), 111–117 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. R.P. Dixit, S.P. Puthli, Oral strip technology: overview and future potential. J. Control Release. 139(2), 94–107 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. A.H. Shojaei, Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: a review. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci. 1(1), 15–30 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Maher, D.J. Brayden, L. Casettari et al., Application of penetration enhancers in oral delivery of macromolecules: an update. Pharmaceutics. 11(1), 1–23 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. H. Kathpalia, A. Gupte, An introduction to fast dissolving oral thin film drug delivery systems: a review. Curr Drug Deliv. 10(6), 667–684 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. B.M. Silva, A.F. Borges, C. Silva et al., Mucoadhesive oral films: the potential for unmet needs. Int J Pharm. 494(1), 537–551 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. V.F. Patel, F. Liu, M.B. Brown, Advances in oral transmucosal drug delivery. J Control Release. 153(2), 106–116 (2011)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Jithan, Oral drug delivery technology, 2nd edn. (Pharma Med Press, Hyderabad, 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  12. C. Belk, V.B. Maier, Biology science for life with physiology, 3rd edn. (Pearson Benjamin Cummings, New York, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  13. C.A. Squier, The permeability of oral mucosa. Crit. Rev. Oral. Bio Med. 2(1), 13–32 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J.G. Meher, N.P. Yadav, K.S. Yadav et al., Buccal drug delivery system and penetration enhancer: a review. Pharma Rev. 10, 113–117 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. F. Veuillez, Y.N. Kalia, Y. Jacques et al., Factors and strategies for improving buccal absorption of peptides. Eur. J. Pharm Biopharm. 51(2), 93–109 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Ganem-Quintanar, Y.N. Kalia, F. Falson-Rieg et al., Mechanisms of oral penetration enhancement. Int. J. Pharm. 156(2), 127–142 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. N. Hassan, A. Ahad, M. Ali et al., Chemical penetration enhancers for transbuccal drug delivery. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 7(1), 97–112 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Pathan, M.K. Gupta, N.K. Jain et al., Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving oral film of promethazine hydrochloride using different surfactant. J. Innov. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 3(1), 74–84 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Sohi, A. Ahuja, F.J. Ahmad et al., Critical evaluation of penetration enhancers for oral mucosal drug delivery. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 36(3), 254–282 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Chen, Y. Lu, J. Chen et al., Enhanced bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug fenofibrate by using liposomes containing a bile salt. Int. J. Pharm. 376(1–2), 153–160 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Thanou, J.C. Verhoef, H.E. Junginger, Oral drug absorption enhancement by chitosan and its derivatives. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 52(2), 117–126 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Y.P. Cid, V. Pedrazzi, V.P. De Sousa et al., In vitro characterization of chitosan gels for buccal delivery of celecoxib: influence of a penetration enhancer. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech. 13(1), 101–111 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J.D. Smart, The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57(11), 1556–1568 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gibson M, Pharmaceutical preformulation and formulation—a practical guide from candidate drug selection to commercial dosage form, Vol. 199. 1st edn. New York (NY): CRC Press (2001)

  25. G. Mythri, K. Kavitha, M.R. Kumar et al., Novel mucoadhesive polymers—a review. J. App. Pharm. Sci. 1(8), 37–42 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Y.W. Chien, Novel drug delivery systems, 2nd edn. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992). (Revised and expanded)

    Google Scholar 

  27. B.M. Boddupalli, Z.N. Mohammed, R.A. Nath et al., Mucoadhesive drug delivery system: an overview. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 1(4), 381–387 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. R. Singh, D. Sharma, R. Garg, Review on mucoadhesive drug delivery system with special emphasis on buccal route: an important tool in designing of novel controlled drug delivery system for the effective delivery of pharmaceuticals. J. Dev. Drugs. 6(1), 1–12 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  29. V.V. Khutoryanskiy, Mucoadhesive materials and drug delivery systems, 1st edn. (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2014)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Amit, S. Sharad, Ajazuddin, et al., Theories and factors affecting mucoadhesive drug delivery systems: a review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2(4), 1155–1161 (2011)

  31. H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.B. Streisand, Oral mucosal drug delivery: clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic applications. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 41(9), 661–680 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. C. Paderni, D. Compilato, L.I. Giannola et al., Oral local drug delivery and new perspectives in oral drug formulation. Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol. 114, e25–e34 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. N. Narang, J. Sharma, Sublingual mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(2), 18–22 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Punj A, Secretions of human salivary gland”; Salivary glands—new approaches in diagnostics and treatment. IşılAdadanGüvenç, IntechOpen; (2018)

  35. D.M. Shinkar, A.S. Dhake, C.M. Setty, Drug delivery from the oral cavity: a focus on mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems. PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 66, 466–500 (2012)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. R. Hooda, M. Tripathi, K. Kapoor, A review on oral mucosal drug delivery system. Pharma Innov. 1, 14–21 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. R. Bhati, R.K. Nagrajan, A detailed review on oral mucosal drug delivery system. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 4, 659–681 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  38. P.C. Reddy, K.S.C. Chaitanya, Y.M. Rao, A review on bioadhesive buccal drug delivery systems: current status of formulation and evaluation methods. Daru 19(6), 385–403 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Y.S. Pathare, V.S. Hastak, A.N. Bajaj, Polymers used for fast disintegrating oral films: a review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 21(1), 169–178 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. F.P. Fernandes, A.C. Fortes, S.G. da Cruz Fonseca et al., Manufacture and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal films based on pectin and gellan gum containing triamcinolone acetonide. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2018(2), 1–10 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. R.R. Tiwari, M.S. Umashankar, N. Damodharan, Recent update on oral films: a bench to market potential. Int. J. App. Pharm. 10(6), 27–33 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A. Mishra, A.K. Pathak, Plasticizers: a vital excipient in novel pharmaceutical formulations. Curr. Res. Pharm. Sci. 7(1), 1–10 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. K.S. Remya, P. Beena, P.V. Bijesh et al., Formulation development, evaluation and comparative study of effects of super disintegrants in cefixime oral disintegrating tablets. J. Young Pharm. 2(3), 234–239 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. H. Jaiswal, Oral strip technology: a review. Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res. 2(2), 130–143 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. P.M. Amin, A.B. Gangurde, P.V. Alai, Oral film technology: challenges and future scope for pharmaceutical industry. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Res. Human. 3(3), 183–203 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. L. Milind, S.A. Payghan, T. Zaki et al., Polymer based wafer technology: a review. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. Arch. 4(6), 1060–1074 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  47. P. Saini, A. Kumar, P. Sharma et al., Fast disintegrating oral Films: a recent trend of drug delivery. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res. 4(4), 80–94 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. R. Bala, P. Pawar, S. Khanna et al., Orally dissolving strips: a new approach to oral drug delivery system. Int. J. Pharm Investig. 3(2), 67–76 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. P. Kaur, R. Garg, Oral dissolving film: present and future aspects. J. Drug Del. Ther. 8(6), 373–377 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. P.P. Ghodake, K.M. Karande, R.A. Osmani et al., Mouth dissolving films: innovative vehicle for oral drug delivery. IJPRR. 2(10), 41–47 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  51. B.P. Panda, N.S. Dey, M.E.B. Rao, Development of innovative orally fast disintegrating film dosage forms: a review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Nanotech. 5(2), 1666–1674 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  52. S. Karki, H. Kim, S. Na et al., Thin films as an emerging platform for drug delivery. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 11(5), 559–574 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. P.M. Castro, P. Fonte, F. Sousa et al., Oral films as breakthrough tools for oral delivery of proteins/peptides. J. Control Release. 211, 63–73 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. R. Kolakovic, T. Viitala, P. Ihalainen et al., Printing technologies in fabrication of drug delivery systems. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 10(12), 1711–1723 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. A. Shafiee, A. Atala, Printing technologies for medical applications. Trends Mol. Med. 22(3), 254–265 (2016)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Preis, J. Breitkreutz, N. Sandler, Perspective: concepts of printing technologies for oral film formulations. Int. J. Pharmaceut. 494(2), 578–584 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. M.M. Nair, A. Shajan, L. Jacob, Formulation and evaluation of mouth dissolving film of a poorly soluble antihypertensive drug. Int. J. Pharm. Technol. 8, 21635–21661 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  58. P.A. Padamwar, P.P. Phasate, Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving oral film of bisoprolol fumarate. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 1(6), 135–142 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  59. K.M. Maheswari, P.K. Devineni, S. Deekonda et al., Development and evaluation of mouth dissolving films of amlodipine besylate for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. J. Pharm. (Cairo). 2014, 520949 (2014)

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. P.V. Shelke, A.S. Dumbare, M.V. Gadhave et al., Formulation and evaluation of rapidly disintegrating film of amlodipine besylate. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 2(2), 72–75 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. B.V. Bhagat, S.A. Hapse, S.L. Darkunde et al., Formulation, development and evaluation of fast dissolving film of an antihypertensive drug. Asian J. Pharm. Technol. Innov. 4(16), 23–30 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. P. Prabhu, A. Dubey, K. Kamath, Formulation and evaluation of fast-dissolving films of lisinopril. Egypt Pharm. J. 14, 56–64 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. S. Bansal, M. Bansal, G. Garg, Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving film of an antihypertensive drug. Int. J. Pharm. Chem. Biol. Sci. 3(4), 1097–1108 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  64. J.S. Patil, A.B. Deokar, K.V. Vilegave et al., Design, evaluation and characterization of rapidly dissolving oral strips of metoprolol succinate. J. Pharm. Anal. Insights. 1(2), 1–6 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  65. E. Jasvanth, D. Teja, B. Mounika et al., Formulation and evaluation of ramipril mouth dissolving films. Int. J. App. Pharm. 11(3), 124–129 (2019)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. V.Y. Londhe, K.B. Umalkar, Formulation development and evaluation of fast dissolving film of telmisartan. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 74(2), 122–126 (2012)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. D. Patil, A.H. Ahmed, M. Awais et al., Design and development of fast dissolving film of telmisartan. Pharm. Sci. Monit. 9(1), 171–187 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. M.I. Mohamed, M. Haider, M.A.M. Ali, Buccal mucoadhesive films containing antihypertensive drug: in vitro/in vivo evaluation. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 3(6), 665–686 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. C. Kaur, N. Chauhan, N. Mehta et al., Release kinetics pattern and formulation development of fast dissolving film of an antihypertensive agent. Adv. Sci. Focus. 1, 124–128 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. S. Kunte, P. Tandale, Fast dissolving strips: a novel approach for the delivery of verapamil. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2(4), 325–328 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. R. Kaza, P.R. Yalavarthi, N. Ravouru, Design and characterization of fast dissolving films of valsartan. Turk. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(2), 175–184 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  72. A.M.J. Newton, S.M. Rani, K. Sukhjinder, Fabrication and evaluation of fast disintegrating oral hybrid films of propranolol hydrochloride by using pectin and synthetic polymers. J. Dev. Drugs. 5(2), 157 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  73. J. Induru, A. Firdous, Preliminary screening and development of formulation design space for buccal thin films of isradipine. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 4(2), 179–184 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. V.S. Kadam, V.B. Bharkad, G.A. Shete et al., Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving oral film of metoclopramide HCl. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 6(8), 2052–2066 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. S.K. Bajpai, F.F. Shah, M. Bajpai et al., Dynamic release of amoxicillin from orally dissolving film (ODF) composed of casein and sodium alginate. J. Drug Res. Dev. 3(2), 1–7 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  76. H. Kathpalia, A. Patil, Formulation and evaluation of orally disintegrating films of levocetirizine dihydrochloride. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 79(2), 204–211 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. P. Prabhu, R. Malli, M. Koland et al., Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving films of levocitirizine dihydrochloride. Int. J. Pharm. Investig. 1(2), 99–104 (2011)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. M.A. Bonsu, K. Ofori-Kwakye, S.L. Kipo et al., Development of oral dissolvable films of diclofenac sodium for osteoarthritis using Albizia and Khaya gums as hydrophilic film formers. J. Drug Deliv. 2016, 1–11 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. P.K. Singh, D. Singh, R.K. Bijauliya, Formulation and characterization of mouth dissolving mucoadhesive buccal film of zolmitriptan. Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L Sci. 6(3), 2625–2630 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. S.E. Haque, A. Sheela, Development of polymer bound fast dissolving metformin buccal film with disintegrants. Int. J. Nanomed. 10(1), 199–205 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. S.V. Pawar, M.S. Junagade, Formulation and evaluation of mouth dissolving film of risperidone. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res. 8(6), 218–230 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. B.R. Yasmeen, S. Firoz, Y.C. Mouli et al., Preparation and evaluation of oral fast dissolving films of citalopram hydrobromide. Int. J. Biopharm. 3(2), 103–106 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  83. R. Nagaraju, B. Sujatha, S. Vidyadhara et al., Design and evaluation of fast dissolving films containing nizatidine. Ind. J. Pharm. Edu. Res. 46(4), 318–322 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  84. R.D. Pooja, F.J. Sayyad, Design, development and evaluation of oxcarbazepine loaded fast dissolving oral film. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res. 10, 12–24 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  85. D. Sharma, D. Kaur, S. Verma et al., Fast dissolving oral films technology: a recent trend for an innovative oral drug delivery system. Int. J. Drug Deliv. 7(2), 60–75 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. A.F. Borges, C. Silva, J.F. Coelho et al., Oral films: current status and future perspectives II Intellectual property, technologies and market needs. J. Control Release. 206, 108–121 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [cited 18 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/

  88. curepharmaceutical.com. [Internet]. Oxnard (CA): CURE Pharmaceutical Holding Corp; [cited 23 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://curepharmaceutical.com/products/product-pipeline/

  89. aavishkar.com [Internet].Hyderabad (India): Aavishkar Oral Strips Pvt Ltd; [cited 23 Apr 2020]. Available from: http://www.aavishkar.com/products/

  90. aquestive.com [Internet]. Warren (NJ): Aquestive Therapeutics, Inc; [cited 23 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://aquestive.com/innovative-drug-delivery-pharmfilm/

  91. umangpharmaceuticals.com [Internet]. Vasai (India): Umang Pharmatech Pvt Ltd; [cited 23 Apr 2020]. Available from: http://umangpharmaceuticals.com/oral-films-pellets.html

  92. livkonpharma.com [Internet]. Mumbai (India): Livkon Pharmaceutical Pvt Ltd; [cited 2020 Apr 23]. Available from: http://www.livkonpharma.com/productlist.html.

  93. zimlab.in [Internet]. Nagpur (India): Zim Laboratories Limited; [cited 23 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://www.zimlab.in/product/

  94. Y.G. Jadhav, U.C. Galgatte, P.D. Chaudhari, Challenges in formulation development of fast dissolving oral films. Indo Am. J. Pharm. Res. 3(8), 6391–6407 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  95. F.L. Lopez, T.B. Ernest, C. Tuleu et al., Formulation approaches to pediatric oral drug delivery: benefits and limitations of current platforms. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 12(11), 1–14 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. M. Dahiya, S. Saha, A.F. Shahiwala, A review on mouth dissolving films. Curr. Drug Deliv. 6(5), 469–476 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. R. Sheoran, Fast dissolving oral films: a review with future prospects. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Res. Human. 12(2), 15–32 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. C. Saraiva, C. Praca, R. Ferreira et al., Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery: overcoming blood-brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases. J. Control Release. 235, 34–47 (2016)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. A.F. Borges, C. Silva, J.F. Coelho et al., Oral films: current status and future perspectives: I—galenical development and quality attributes. J. Control Release. 206, 1–19 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology (GoI), New Delhi and the support from National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD) (Ref No. VI- D&P/349/10-11/TDT/1 Dt: 21.10.2010) and National Facility for Bioactive Peptides from Milk (NFBP) Project (Ref No. VI- D&P/545/2016-17/TDT; Dt: 28.02.2017).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jeseeta Suresh and Nirmal Aravindaraj have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational REsearch (CENTRE), University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India

    Jeseeta Suresh, Nirmal Aravindaraj, Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami & Ruckmani Kandasamy

Authors
  1. Jeseeta Suresh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nirmal Aravindaraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ruckmani Kandasamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruckmani Kandasamy.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors does not declare any competing interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Suresh, J., Aravindaraj, N., Krishnaswami, V. et al. Oral film technology: a perspective on translational research and clinical studies. Macromol. Res. 31, 917–932 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-023-00185-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-023-00185-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation