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High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens

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Abstract

This study is a re-assessment of basidiolichen diversity in the Galapagos Islands. We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis, based on 92 specimens from Galapagos, using two nuclear ribosomal DNA markers (ITS and nuLSU). We also re-examined the morphology and anatomy of all sequenced material. The molecular results confirm our previous assessment that all Galapagos basidiolichens belong to the Dictyonema clade, which in Galapagos is represented by four genera: Acantholichen, Cora, Cyphellostereum, and Dictyonema. Most species previously reported from Galapagos in these genera were at the time believed to represent widely distributed taxa. This conclusion, however, has changed with the inclusion of molecular data. Although almost the same number of species is distinguished, the phylogenetic data now suggest that all are restricted to the Galapagos Islands. Among them, six species are proposed here as new to science, namely Cora galapagoensis, Cyphellostereum unoquinoum, Dictyonema barbatum, D. darwinianum, D. ramificans, and D. subobscuratum; and four species have already been described previously, namely Acantholichen galapagoensis, Cora santacruzensis, Dictyonema pectinatum, and D. galapagoense, here recombined as Cyphellostereum galapagoense. Our analysis is set on a very broad phylogenetic framework, which includes a large number of specimens (N = 826) mainly from Central and South America, and therefore strongly suggests an unusually high level of endemism previously not recognized. This analysis also shows that the closest relatives of half of the basidiolichens now found in Galapagos are from mainland Ecuador, implying that they reached the islands through the shortest route, with all species arriving on the islands through independent colonization events.

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Acknowledgements

Authors want to thank National Science Foundation for financial support through a Division of Environmental Biology grant (DEB 0841405, PI: J. Lawrey; CoPIs: R. Lücking, P. Gillevet) and a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology (PRFB 1609022, PI: M. Dal Forno). Authors also thank all colleagues around the world who have contributed valuable Dictyonema s.l. collections over many years so a broad phylogenetic study could be done. Masoumeh Sikaroodi and Patrick Gillevet are thanked for their help and support in the molecular laboratory. Taxonomic research on Galapagos species, with the goal of establishing the first IUCN red list of endemic Galapagos lichens, is supported by the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, Project 152510692. We are very grateful to the Charles Darwin Foundation, especially its executive director Arturo Izurieta and science coordinator José Marin, for their continued support of the Galapagos Lichen Inventory. For research and collection permits we are especially indebted to the Galapagos National Park, particularly Washington Tapia and Galo Quedaza, and, more recently, Jorge Carrion and Daniel Lara. The lichen inventory is part of the Census of Galapagos Biodiversity by Charles Darwin Foundation (donors cited at http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checklists/). This publication is contribution number 2159 of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands. Lastly, authors would like to thank managing editor Jian-Kui Liu and two anonymous reviewers for their contributions to improve this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th St & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA

    Manuela Dal Forno

  2. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030-4444, USA

    Manuela Dal Forno & James D. Lawrey

  3. Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador

    Frank Bungartz

  4. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA

    Frank Bungartz

  5. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Ciudadela Universitaria, Quito, Ecuador

    Alba Yánez-Ayabaca

  6. Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Robert Lücking

  7. Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Robert Lücking

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  1. Manuela Dal Forno
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  2. Frank Bungartz
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  3. Alba Yánez-Ayabaca
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  4. Robert Lücking
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Correspondence to Manuela Dal Forno.

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Supplementary Fig. 1

Phylogeny (ITS) of Cora obtained under ML. Branches are thickened for all bootstrap (BS) values ≥70. Placement of Galapagos species are in bold (PDF 601 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

Phylogeny (ITS) of Dictyonema obtained under ML. Branches are thickened for all bootstrap (BS) values ≥70. Placement of Galapagos species are in bold (PDF 301 kb)

Supplementary Table 1 (DOCX 69 kb)

Supplementary Table 2 (DOCX 172 kb)

Supplementary Table 3 (DOCX 46 kb)

Supplementary Table 4 (DOCX 76 kb)

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Dal Forno, M., Bungartz, F., Yánez-Ayabaca, A. et al. High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens. Fungal Diversity 85, 45–73 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0380-6

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