Abstract
More than 100 recent collections of Valsaria sensu lato mostly from Europe were used to elucidate the species composition within the genus. Multigene phylogeny based on SSU, LSU, ITS, rpb2 and tef1 sequences revealed a monophyletic group of ten species within the Dothideomycetes, belonging to three morphologically similar genera. This group could not be accommodated in any known family and are thus classified in the new family Valsariaceae and the new order Valsariales. The genus Valsaria sensu stricto comprises V. insitiva, V. robiniae, V. rudis, V. spartii, V. lopadostomoides sp. nov. and V. neotropica sp. nov., which are phylogenetically well-defined, but morphologically nearly indistinguishable species. The new monotypic genus Bambusaria is introduced to accommodate Valsaria bambusae. Munkovalsaria rubra and Valsaria fulvopruinata are combined in Myrmaecium, a genus traditionally treated as a synonym of Valsaria, which comprises three species, with M. rubricosum as its generic type. This work is presented as a basis for additional species to be detected in future.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aptroot A (1995) Redisposition of some species excluded from Didymosphaeria (Ascomycotina). Nova Hedwigia 60:325–379
Barr ME (1978) The Diaporthales in North America, with emphasis on Gnomonia and its segregates. Mycol Mem 7:1–232
Barr ME (1989) Some unitunicate taxa excluded from Didymosphaeria. Stud Mycol 31:23–27
Barr ME (1990) Podromus to nonlichenized, pyrenomycetous members of class Hymenoascomycetes. Mycotaxon 39:43–184
Barr ME, Huhndorf SM, Rogerson CT (1996) The pyrenomycetes described by J.B. Ellis. Mem New York Bot Gdn 79:1–137
Bohman G (1969) Chemical studies on lichens 22. Anthraquinones from the Lichen Lasallia papulosa var. rubiginosa and the fungus Valsaria rubricosa. Acta Chem Scand 23:2241–2244
Briggs LH, Castaing DR, Denyer AN, Orgias EF, Small CW (1972) Chemistry of fungi. 8. Constituents of Valsaria rubricosa and the identification of papulosin with valsarin. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:1464–1466
Carbone I, Kohn LM (1999) A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Mycologia 91:553–556
Chomnunti P, Hongsanan S, Aguirre-Hudson B, Tian Q, Peršoh D, Dhami MK, Alis AS, Xu J, Liu X, Stadler M, Hyde KD (2014) The sooty moulds. Fungal Divers 66:1–36
de Hoog GS, Gerrits van den Ende AHG (1998) Molecular diagnostics of clinical strains of filamentous basidiomycetes. Mycoses 41:183–189
Ellis JB, Everhart BM (1892) The North American pyrenomycetes. Published by the authors, Newfield, New Jersey. 793 pp
Eriksson OE (2014) Checklist of the non-lichenized ascomycetes of Sweden. Acta Univ Upsal Symb Bot Upsal 36(2):7–499
Eriksson OE, Hawksworth DL (1997) Notes on ascomycete systematics - Nos. 2140–2255. Syst Ascomyc 15:139–173
Glawe DA (1985) The pleomorphic asexual state of Valsaria insitiva in artificial culture. Mycologia 77:62–71
Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis. program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98
Huhndorf SM (1992) Neotropical ascomycetes 1. Valsonectria cinnamomi in artificial culture. Mycologia 84:642–649
Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK et al (2013) Families of Dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers 63:1–313
Jaklitsch WM (2009) European species of Hypocrea - part I. Stud Mycol 63:1–91
Jaklitsch WM, Voglmayr H (2014) Persistent hamathecial threads in the Nectriaceae, Hypocreales: Thyronectria revisited and re-instated. Persoonia 33:182–211
Jaklitsch WM, Komon M, Kubicek CP, Druzhinina IS (2005) Hypocrea voglmayrii sp. nov. from the Austrian Alps represents a new phylogenetic clade in Hypocrea/Trichoderma. Mycologia 97:1365–1378
Jaklitsch WM, Stadler M, Voglmayr H (2012) Blue pigment in Hypocrea caerulescens sp. nov. and two additional new species in sect. Trichoderma. Mycologia 104:925–941
Jaklitsch WM, Fournier J, Rogers JD, Voglmayr H (2014) Phylogenetic and taxonomic revision of Lopadostoma. Persoonia 32:52–82
Ju Y-M, Rogers JD, Huhndorf SM (1996) Valsaria and notes on Endoxylina, Pseudothyridaria, Pseudovalsaria, and Roussoella. Mycotaxon 58:419–481
Kale SB (1970) The genus Valsaria in India. Sydowia 23:194–197
Karsten PA, Hariot P (1889) Fungi nonnulli gallici. J Bot (Paris) 3:206
Kauff F, Lutzoni F (2002) Phylogeny of Gyalectales and Ostropales (Ascomycota, Fungi): among and within order relationships based on nuclear ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. Mol Phylogenet Evol 25:138–156
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi, 10th edn. CABI, Wallingford
Lam JKK, Sargent MV, Elix JA, Smith DON (1972) Synthesis of valsarin and 5,7-dichloroemodin. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:1466–1470
Landvik S, Egger K, Schumacher T (1997) Towards a subordinal classification of the Pezizales (Ascomycota): phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences. Nord J Bot 17:403–418
Liu YL, Whelen S, Hall BD (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerase II subunit. Mol Biol Evol 16:1799–1808
Müller K (2004) PRAP - calculation of Bremer support for large data sets. Mol Phylogenet Evol 31:780–782
Munk A (1957) Danish pyrenomycetes. Dansk Bot Arkiv 17:1–491
Petrak F, Sydow H (1923) Kritisch-systematische originaluntersuchungen über Pyrenomyzeten, Sphaeropsideen und Melanconieen. Ann Mycol 21:349–384
Riethmüller A, Voglmayr H, Göker M, Weiß M, Oberwinkler F (2002) Phylogenetic relationships of the downy mildews (Peronosporales) and related groups based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 94:834–849
Schweinitz LD (1822) Synopsis fungorum carolinae superioris. Schr Naturf Ges Leipzig 1:1–105
Silvestro D, Michalak I (2012) raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Org Divers Evol 12:335–337
Spooner BM (1986) New or rare British microfungi from Esher Common, Surrey. Trans Br Mycol Soc 86:401–408
Stamatakis E (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22:2688–2690
Swofford DL (2002) PAUP* 4.0b10: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts
Thiers B (2014) Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/
Tode HJ (1791) Fungi Mecklenburgenses Selecti 2:1–64
Untereiner WA, Bogale M, Carter A, Platt HWB, Hanson S-Å & al. 2013: Molecular phylogeny of Boliniales (Sordariomycetes) with an assessment of the systematics of Apiorhynchostoma, Endoxyla and Pseudovalsaria. Mycologia 105:564–588
Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 172:4238–4246
Voglmayr H, Jaklitsch WM (2008) Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer. Mycol Res 112:885–905
Voglmayr H, Jaklitsch WM (2011) Molecular data reveal high host specificity in the phylogenetically isolated genus Massaria (Ascomycota, Massariaceae). Fungal Divers 46:133–170
Wehmeyer LE (1923) The imperfect stage of some higher pyrenomycetes obtained in culture. Pap Michigan Acad Sci 3:245–266
Werle E, Schneider C, Renner M, Völker M, Fiehn W (1994) Convenient single-step, one tube purification of PCR products for direct sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4354–4355
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplified and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. Academic, San Diego, pp 315–322
Wijayawardene NN, Crous PW, Kirk PM et al (2014) Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes–2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names. Fungal Divers 69:1–55
Acknowledgments
We sincerely thank F. Candoussau, G. Friebes, A. Gardiennet, J.-R. Guu, H.-M. Hsieh, P. Karasch, C. Lechat, M. Pélissier, F. Rappaz and J.D. Rogers for providing specimens, Y.-M. Ju for specimens, cultures and helpful comments on the manuscript, W. Gams for excursion support in Italy, F. Balao, J. Herrera and S. Tello for support and help with determination of fabaceous hosts in Spain; the fungarium curators S. Dominick and E. Roark (BPI), P. Salo (H), B. Aguirre-Hudson (K), N. Sol and G. Thijsse (L), E. Bloch (NY), B. Buyck (PC), A. Freire-Fierro and N. Phillips (PH) for loans and information of specimens, W. Till at WU for sending and managing collections; T. Merkx (CBS) for managing our cultures, G. Verkley (CBS) for providing cultures and information about strains of M. rubrum; and W. Dämon and I. Greilhuber for insertion of specimens into WU. The financial support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF; project P25870-B16) is gratefully acknowledged. K.D. Hyde and D.Q. Dai thank the Mae Fah Luang University for the grant “Taxonomy and Phylogeny of selected families of Dothideomycetes (Grant number: 56101020032). D.Q. Dai is grateful to the Mushroom Research Foundation, Bandoo, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, for providing postgraduate scholarship support and thanks the Mae Fah Luang University for the GMS grant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jaklitsch, W.M., Fournier, J., Dai, D.Q. et al. Valsaria and the Valsariales . Fungal Diversity 73, 159–202 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0330-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0330-0