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The genus Phomopsis: biology, applications, species concepts and names of common phytopathogens

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Abstract

The genus Phomopsis (teleomorph Diaporthe) comprises phytopathologically important microfungi with diverse host associations and a worldwide distribution. Species concepts in Phomopsis have been based historically on morphology, cultural characteristics and host affiliation. This paper serves to provide an overview of the current status of the taxonomy in Phomopsis with special reference to biology, applications of various species, species concepts, future research perspectives and names of common pathogens, the latter being given taxonomic reappraisal. Accurate species identification is critical to understanding disease epidemiology and in developing effective control measures for plant diseases. Difficulties in accurate species identification using morphology have led to the application of alternative approaches to differentiate species, including virulence and pathogenicity, biochemistry, metabolites, physiology, antagonism, molecular phylogenetics and mating experiments. Redefinition of Phomopsis/Diaporthe species has been ongoing, and some species have been redefined based on a combination of molecular, morphological, cultural, phytopathological and mating type data. Rapid progress in molecular identification has in particular revolutionized taxonomic studies, providing persuasive genetic evidence to define the species boundaries. A backbone ITS based phylogenetic tree is here in generated using the sequences derived from 46 type, epitype cultures, and vouchers and is presented as a rough and quick identification guide for species of Phomopsis. The need for epitypification of taxonomic entities and the need to use multiple loci in phylogenies that better reflect species limits are suggested. The account of names of phytopathogens currently in use are listed alphabetically and annotated with a taxonomic entry, teleomorph, associated hosts and disease symptoms, including brief summaries of taxonomic and phylogenetic research. Available type culture information and details of gene sequences derived from type cultures are also summarized and tabulated.

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Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the Global Research Network for Fungal Biology, King Saud University and State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, the latter by grant NSFC 30625001. Dhanushka Udayanga thanks the State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing and the Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Mai, Thailand for a postgraduate scholarship. Cai Lei (CAS, Beijing) is thanked for the suggestions to improve the manuscript. Pedro W. Crous (CBS Netherland), Hong-Bing Ma (Shandong Agricultural University, China), and Roger Shivas (Queensland plant pathology herbarium, Australia) are thanked for unpublished sequence information and type cultures. Belinda Rawnsley (South Australian Research and Development Institute: SARDI, Australia), Sam Markell (North Dakota State University, USA) and Thomas Chase (South Dakota University, USA) are thanked for allowing us to use the pictures provided.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 1st West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People’s Republic of China

    Dhanushka Udayanga & Xingzhong Liu

  2. School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Thasud, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand

    Dhanushka Udayanga, Ekachai Chukeatirote  & Kevin D. Hyde

  3. Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

    Eric H. C. McKenzie

  4. College of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ali H. A. Bahkali & Kevin D. Hyde

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  1. Dhanushka Udayanga
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Correspondence to Kevin D. Hyde.

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Udayanga, D., Liu, X., McKenzie, E.H.C. et al. The genus Phomopsis: biology, applications, species concepts and names of common phytopathogens. Fungal Diversity 50, 189–225 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0126-9

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