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Analysis of apocarotenoid volatiles from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) induced by insect herbivores and characterization of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene

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Abstract

Plant apocarotenoids have been shown to have a diverse biological role in herbivore–plant interactions. Despite their importance, little is known about herbivores’ effect on apocarotenoid emissions in Lactuca sativa. In this study, we examined changes in apocarotenoid emissions in lettuce leaves after infestation by two insects, viz., Spodoptera littoralis larvae and Myzus persicae aphids. We found that β-ionone and β-cyclocitral showed higher concentrations than the other apocarotenoids, with a significant increase as per the intensity of infestation of both herbivore species. Furthermore, we performed functional characterization of Lactuca sativa carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (LsCCD1) genes. Three LsCCD1 genes were overexpressed in E. coli strains, and recombinant proteins were assayed for cleavage activity on an array of carotenoid substrates. The LsCCD1 protein cleaved β-carotene at the 9,10 (9′,10′) positions producing β-ionone. The transcript analysis of LsCCD1 genes revealed differential expression patterns under varying levels of herbivores’ infestation, but the results were inconsistent with the pattern of β-ionone concentrations. Our results suggest that LsCCD1 is involved in the production of β-ionone, but other regulatory factors might be involved in its induction in response to herbivory. These results provide new insights into apocarotenoid production in response to insect herbivory in lettuce.

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Funding

This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing venue. The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript. The following authors have affiliations with organizations with direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.

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  1. Kun Meng

    Present address: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Sciences Institute, Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel

    Kun Meng, Bhagwat Nawade, Mosaab Yahyaa & Mwafaq Ibdah

  2. Agroecology Lab, Department of Natural Resources, Newe Yaar Research Center, ARO, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel

    Michal Eldar-Liebreich & Asaf Sadeh

  3. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot , 7610001, Israel

    Michal Eldar-Liebreich & Moshe Coll

  4. Migal Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, 11016, Qiryat Shemona, Israel

    Liora Shaltiel-Harpaz

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All authors KM, MEL, BN, MY, LSH, MC, AS, and MI have participated in (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (c) approval of the final version.

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Meng, K., Eldar-Liebreich, M., Nawade, B. et al. Analysis of apocarotenoid volatiles from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) induced by insect herbivores and characterization of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene. 3 Biotech 13, 94 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03511-4

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