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Recent advances in understanding oligonucleotide aptamers and their applications as therapeutic agents

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Abstract

The innovative discovery of aptamers was based on target-specific treatment in clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. Aptamers are synthetic, single-stranded oligonucleotides, simply described as chemical antibodies, which can bind to diverse targets with high specificity and affinity. Aptamers are synthesized by the SELEX technique, and possess distinctive properties as small size (10–50 kDa), higher stability, easy manufacture and less immunogenicity. These oligonucleotides are easily degraded by nucleases, so require some important modifications like capping and incorporation of modified nucleotides. RNA aptamers can be modified chemically on 2′ positions using -NH3, -F, -deoxy, or -OMe groups to enhance their nuclease resistance. Aptamers have been employed for multiple purposes, as direct drugs or aptamer–drug conjugates targeted against different diseased cells. Different aptamer-conjugated nanovehicles (e.g., micelles, liposomes, silica nano-shells) have been designed to transport diverse anticancer-drugs like doxorubicin and cisplatin in bulk to minimize systemic cytotoxicity. Some drug-loaded nanovehicles (up to 97% loading capacity) and conjugated with specific aptamer resulted in more than 60% tumor inhibition as compared to unconjugated drug-loaded nanovehicles which showed only 31% cancer inhibition. In addition, aptamers have been widely used in basic research, food safety, environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. Different FDA-approved RNA and DNA aptamers are now available in the market, used for the treatment of diverse diseases, especially cancer. These aptamers include Macugen, Pegaptanib, etc. Despite a good progress in aptamer use, the present-day chemotherapeutics and drug targeting systems still face great challenges. Here in this review article, we are discussing nucleic acid aptamers, preparation, role in the transportation of different nanoparticle vehicles and their applications as therapeutic agents.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

    Khaled S. Allemailem, Ahmad Almatroudi, Mohammed A. Alsahli, Faris Alrumaihi & Arshad Husain Rahmani

  2. Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6699, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia

    Khaled S. Allemailem & Amjad Ali Khan

  3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

    Ghaiyda Talal Basfar

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  1. Khaled S. Allemailem
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  2. Ahmad Almatroudi
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  3. Mohammed A. Alsahli
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  4. Ghaiyda Talal Basfar
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  5. Faris Alrumaihi
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  6. Arshad Husain Rahmani
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  7. Amjad Ali Khan
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KSA, AAK, and AA have contributed to the concept, design, diagrams and information collection of the work. MAA and GTB have reviewed it thoroughly. FA and AHR have contributed in reviewing and final approval of the work.

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Correspondence to Amjad Ali Khan.

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Allemailem, K.S., Almatroudi, A., Alsahli, M.A. et al. Recent advances in understanding oligonucleotide aptamers and their applications as therapeutic agents. 3 Biotech 10, 551 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02546-1

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