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An optimal method for measuring biomarkers: colorimetric optical image processing for determination of creatinine concentration using silver nanoparticles

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Abstract

Creatinine concentration is one of the important elements in the body for diagnosing kidney failure, muscular dystrophy, glomerular filtration rate, and diabetic nephropathy. The disadvantages of recently introduced analytical techniques, such as Jaffe’s, spectroscopic, colorimetric, and chromatographic methods, for quantifying creatinine in urine involve toxicity, the high cost, interference, and the complexity of the design. In this paper, we designed and fabricated a new colorimetric assay for the measurement of creatinine concentration based on color differentiation generated by mixing different concentrations of creatinine with synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). An isolated box is designed for the uniform optical imaging of solutions, the captured images are processed in real time, and the quantitative and qualitative results are displayed. For colorimetric processing, a variety of color systems, such as RGB (red, green, blue), CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), and grayscale (Gr), have been evaluated, indicating that the combination of green (G) and grayscale (Gr) provides the best results for this experiment. TEM analysis and spectroscopy were used to confirm the results of the experiment. Linear range and limit of detection (LOD) were obtained for AgNPs/PVP 0.03–1 mg/dl and 0.024 mg/dl and for AgNPs/PVA 0.01–1 mg/dl and 0.014 mg/dl, respectively, indicating the superiority of our proposed method over recently introduced methods. In this experiment, the detectable resolution with AgNPs/PVP is 40, while it is 71 with AgNPs/PVA. The designed system is simple to use, small in size, and cost-effective for measuring creatinine concentration, while it can be used as a portable system.

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Data will be made available on request.

Abbreviations

AgNPs:

Silver nanoparticles

LOD:

Limit of detection

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

PVP:

Polyvinyl pyrrolidone

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

MIP:

Molecular imprinted polymer

SD:

Standard deviation

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

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Funding

This study is supported by Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 60943).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Ramin Narimani & Mehdi Azizi

  2. Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mehdi Azizi

  3. Proteomics Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mehdi Azizi

  4. Medical Bioengineering Department, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Ramin Narimani, Mahdad Esmaeili & Seyed Hossein Rasta

  5. Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Seyed Hossein Rasta

  6. Department of Biomedical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Seyed Hossein Rasta

  7. Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Hamid Tayebi Khosroshahi

  8. Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Hamid Tayebi Khosroshahi

  9. Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Hamid Tayebi Khosroshahi

Authors
  1. Ramin Narimani
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  2. Mehdi Azizi
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  3. Mahdad Esmaeili
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  4. Seyed Hossein Rasta
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  5. Hamid Tayebi Khosroshahi
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Contributions

HTK and ME conceived of the presented idea and designed the study. RN and MA carried out the experiments. SHR implemented the proposed optical imaging system. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mahdad Esmaeili or Hamid Tayebi Khosroshahi.

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Conflict of interest

We the undersigned declare that this manuscript is original, has not been published before and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed.

Ethical statement

This work is partially supported by vice-chancellery for research and technology of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences under Grant No. 60943 and Ethical Code No. IR.TBZMED.REC.1398.072. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Narimani, R., Azizi, M., Esmaeili, M. et al. An optimal method for measuring biomarkers: colorimetric optical image processing for determination of creatinine concentration using silver nanoparticles. 3 Biotech 10, 416 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02405-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02405-z

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