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Geopolymer catalysts derived from palm oil mill ash for biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil

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Abstract

Chemical Engineering has a decisive role in a circular economy based on abundantly available waste materials. Renewable catalysts synthesized from abundant palm oil mill bottom ash (POBA) were applied in the biodiesel (methyl ester) production from Calophyllum inophyllum (CI) oil. Two different geopolymer materials, NaSil-geo and KSil-geo, were synthesized, characterized, and tested in converting CI into biodiesel. It was found that KSil-geo is highly effective in the transesterification process of CI with methanol to produce biodiesel. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was obtained at 97% under the conditions reaction of 2% catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, reaction temperature of 65 °C, and the transesterification reaction time of 120 min and stirring rate of 400 rpm. The properties of biodiesel produced in the form of cetane number, flash point, kinematic viscosity, density, and the fatty acid methyl ester content were obtained at 54.2, of 134 °C, 4.4 mm2/s, 878 kg/m3, 99.65%, respectively. The reusability tested of the catalyst verified that the synthesized catalyst could be reused up to 5 times. The physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel produced to meet the standard of biodiesel specifications ASTM D6751 and SNI 7182:2015.

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Acknowledgements

E.S thank the support of the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Ristekdikti), Indonesia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia

    Edy Saputra, Panca Setia Utama, Yelmida Azis & Zuchra Helwani

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293, Indonesia

    Monita Olivia

  3. Research Center for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), Serpong, 15314, Banten, Indonesia

    Wahyu Bambang Widayatno

  4. Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Oki Muraza

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  1. Edy Saputra
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  2. Panca Setia Utama
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  4. Zuchra Helwani
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  5. Monita Olivia
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  6. Wahyu Bambang Widayatno
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Contributions

ES carried out the supervision, conceptualization, methodology, validation, writing-original draft preparation, writing-reviewing. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by PSU, YA, ZH, MO, and WBW. OM carried out the conceptualization, writing reviewing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Edy Saputra or Oki Muraza.

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Saputra, E., Utama, P.S., Azis, Y. et al. Geopolymer catalysts derived from palm oil mill ash for biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil. Appl Nanosci 12, 3735–3745 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-02180-0

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