Abstract
Here in, we report on a prototype for energy harvesting from door handles for harnessing mechanical energy used during the opening and closure operation of doors. Three different morphologies of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoforms namely ZnO nanorods (ZnO R), ZnO nanocrystallite (ZnO P) and ZnO nanoneedles (ZnO W) are blended at an optimum concentration of 10% with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) polymer. The frictional, triboelectric and converse piezoresponse of these films were studied using derived modes of atomic force microscopy. Three different structures of devices were fabricated by spin-coating, solution casting and tape casting techniques. Dispersion filler, graphite oxide (GO) nanosheets are added to the composite with superior electrical property. The device with solution casting was tested for various mechanical inputs, with and without external resistive loads connected. The device yielded an output voltage of 6.25 V on each approach-release operation. The device shows a power density of 0.73 µW/cm2 during an impact of 5 N. A laboratory prototype of door handle energy harvester was prepared on a comb electrode by tape casting the polymer nanocomposite recipe of PDMS + 10% ZnO W + 10% GO and generated a power density of 0.17 nW/cm2 by charging a 1F commercial capacitor.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baek S-H, Hasan MR, Park I-K (2016) Output power enhancement from ZnO nanorods piezoelectric nanogenerators by Si microhole arrays. Nanotechnology 27:65401. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/6/065401
Bai P, Zhu G, Lin Z-H et al (2013) Integrated multilayered triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting biomechanical energy from human motions. ACS Nano 7:3713–3719
Bai Y, Chen J, Zhao S, Lu Q (2016) Magneto-dielectric and magnetoelectric anisotropies of CoFe2O4/Bi5Ti3FeO15 bilayer composite heterostructural films. RSC Adv 6:52353–52359. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA07933D
Bhanuprakash L, Ali A, Mokkoth R, Varghese S (2018) Mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture behavior of E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites modified with reduced exfoliated graphite oxide. Polym Compos 39:E2506–E2518. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24809
Chandrasekaran S, Bowen C, Roscow J et al (2019) Micro-scale to nano-scale generators for energy harvesting: self powered piezoelectric, triboelectric and hybrid devices. Phys Rep 792:1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2018.11.001
Chen J, Wang ZL (2017) Reviving vibration energy harvesting and self-powered sensing by a triboelectric nanogenerator. Joule 1:480–521
Chen J, Yang J, Li Z et al (2015) Networks of triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting water wave energy: a potential approach toward blue energy. ACS Nano 9:3324–3331
Chen J, Huang Y, Zhang N et al (2016) Micro-cable structured textile for simultaneously harvesting solar and mechanical energy. Nat Energy 1:16138
Chen J, Zhu G, Yang W et al (2013) Harmonic-resonator-based triboelectric nanogenerator as a sustainable power source and a self-powered active vibration sensor. Adv Mater 25:6094–6099. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302397
Cheng X, Meng B, Zhang X et al (2015) Wearable electrode-free triboelectric generator for harvesting biomechanical energy. Nano Energy 12:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.009
Han M, Zhang X-S, Meng B et al (2013) r-Shaped hybrid nanogenerator with enhanced piezoelectricity. ACS Nano 7:8554–8560. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn404023v
Hou T-C, Yang Y, Zhang H et al (2013) Triboelectric nanogenerator built inside shoe insole for harvesting walking energy. Nano Energy 2:856–862
Jaleh B, Jabbari A (2014) Evaluation of reduced graphene oxide/ZnO effect on properties of PVDF nanocomposite films. Appl Surf Sci 320:339–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.09.030
Jin L, Chen J, Zhang B et al (2016) Self-powered safety helmet based on hybridized nanogenerator for emergency. ACS Nano 10:7874–7881
Kachroudi A, Basrour S, Rufer L et al (2016) Micro-structured PDMS piezoelectric enhancement through charging conditions. Smart Mater Struct 25:105027. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/10/105027
Kadota Y, Hosaka H, Morita T (2008) Shape memory piezoelectric actuator by control of the imprint electrical field. Ferroelectrics 368:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150190802368479
Li H-B, Li Y, Wang D-W et al (2013) Effects of ZnO nanoneedles addition on the mechanical and piezoelectric properties of hard PZT-based composites. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 24:1463–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-012-0953-9
Li Q, Zhang M-H, Zhu Z-X et al (2017) Poling engineering of (K, Na)NbO3-based lead-free piezoceramics with orthorhombic-tetragonal coexisting phases. J Mater Chem C 5:549–556. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC04723H
Lin C-C, Li Y-Y (2009) Synthesis of ZnO nanowires by thermal decomposition of zinc acetate dihydrate. Mater Chem Phys 113:334–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.070
Lin Wang Z, Chen J, Lin L (2015) Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors. Energy Environ Sci 8:2250–2282. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE01532D
Lin Z, Chen J, Li X et al (2016) Broadband and three-dimensional vibration energy harvesting by a non-linear magnetoelectric generator. Appl Phys Lett 109:253903
Lin Z, Chen J, Li X et al (2017) Triboelectric nanogenerator enabled body sensor network for self-powered human heart-rate monitoring. ACS Nano 11:8830–8837. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02975
Liu B, Zeng HC (2003) Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods in the diameter regime of 50 nm. J Am Chem Soc 125:4430–4431. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0299452
Liu R, Kuang X, Deng J et al (2018) Shape memory polymers for body motion energy harvesting and self-powered mechanosensing. Adv Mater 30:1705195
Mao Y, Banerjee S, Wong SS (2003) Large-scale synthesis of single-crystalline perovskite nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 125:15718–15719. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja038192w
Mao Y, Geng D, Liang E, Wang X (2015) Single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging friction energy from rolling tires. Nano Energy 15:227–234
Mao Y, Zhang N, Tang Y et al (2017) A paper triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered electronic systems. Nanoscale 9:14499–14505
Ning C, Tian L, Zhao X et al (2018) Washable textile-structured single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered wearable electronics. J Mater Chem A 6:19143–19150
Osman DAM, Mustafa MA (2015) Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide. J Nanosci Nanoeng 1:248–251
Priya S, Inman DJ (eds) (2009) Energy harvesting technologies. Springer, Boston
Rasel MS, Halim MA, Park JY (2015) A PDMS based triboelectric energy harvester as self-powered, active tactile sensor system for human skin. In: 2015 IEEE Sens. IEEE, pp 1–4
Schmidt-Mende L, MacManus-Driscoll JL (2007) ZnO-nanostructures, defects, and devices. Mater Today 10:40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70078-0
Shin H, Song J-T (2010) Piezoelectric coefficient measurement of AlN thin films at the nanometer scale using piezoresponse force microscopy. J Korean Phys Soc 56:580–585. https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.56.580
Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Piner RD et al (2007) Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45:1558–1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034
Sun C, Shi J, Bayerl DJ, Wang X (2011) PVDF microbelts for harvesting energy from respiration. Energy Environ Sci 4:4508. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee02241e
Wang M, Zhang N, Tang Y et al (2017) Single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators based on sponge-like porous PTFE thin films for mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered electronics. J Mater Chem A 5:12252–12257
Wang M, Zhang J, Tang Y et al (2018) Air-flow-driven triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered real-time respiratory monitoring. ACS Nano 12:6156–6162
Yang W, Chen J, Zhu G et al (2013a) Harvesting energy from the natural vibration of human walking. ACS Nano 7:11317–11324. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405175z
Yang W, Chen J, Zhu G et al (2013b) Harvesting vibration energy by a triple-cantilever based triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Res 6:880–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-013-0364-0
Yang J, Chen J, Yang Y et al (2014a) Broadband vibrational energy harvesting based on a triboelectric nanogenerator. Adv Energy Mater 4:1301322. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201301322
Yang W, Chen J, Jing Q et al (2014b) 3D Stack Integrated Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Vibration Energy. Adv Funct Mater 24:4090–4096. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201304211
Yang W, Chen J, Wen X et al (2014c) Triboelectrification based motion sensor for human–machine interfacing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:7479–7484
Zhang H, Yang D, Ji Y et al (2004) Low temperature synthesis of flowerlike ZnO nanostructures by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-assisted hydrothermal process. J Phys Chem B 108:3955–3958. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp036826f
Zhang H, Yang Y, Su Y et al (2014) Triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting vibration energy in full space and as self-powered acceleration sensor. Adv Funct Mater 24:1401–1407
Zhang B, Chen J, Jin L et al (2016) Rotating-disk-based hybridized electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator for sustainably powering wireless traffic volume sensors. ACS Nano 10:6241–6247
Zhu G, Bai P, Chen J, Lin Wang Z (2013) Power-generating shoe insole based on triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered consumer electronics. Nano Energy 2:688–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.08.002
Zhu G, Chen J, Zhang T et al (2014a) Radial-arrayed rotary electrification for high performance triboelectric generator. Nat Commun 5:3426
Zhu G, Su Y, Bai P et al (2014b) Harvesting water wave energy by asymmetric screening of electrostatic charges on a nanostructured hydrophobic thin-film surface. ACS Nano 8:6031–6037
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rajeev, S.P., Sivapriya, S., Cherumannil Karumuthil, S. et al. Prototype of energy harvesting door handles using polymer nanocomposite. Appl Nanosci 10, 1–13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-019-01027-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-019-01027-z