Abstract
Size-tunable nanoparticles (NPs) for pristine cadmium sulfide (CdS) and iron (Fe)-doped (5, 10 and 15%) CdS were synthesized using facile chemical co-precipitation. Size-controlled NPs were prepared with thioglycolic acid (TGA) as the capping agent and their structural, optical, morphological and physiochemical evaluations were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). XRD revealed single cubic phase of CdS and later broader peaks upon mixing of Fe, and intensive absorption was recorded in the visible regime upon doping with redshift. FESEM confirmed spherical nanoparticles of Fe–CdS, and Cd–S linkage along with other functional groups was recognized by FTIR. Cd1−xFexS (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15) powder was used as the photocatalyst for methylene blue (MB) degradation in visible light and catalyst in NaBH4’s presence. The control CdS bleached MB faster than doped but doped CdS showed higher catalytic degradation. The Fe-doped CdS NPs showed superior catalytic potential compared to undoped CdS which suggests their use in dye industries, especially leather and tanneries. Additionally, NPs not only show superior catalytic characteristics but also help in cost reduction and complete removal of dyes for wastewater management.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdolahzadeh Ziabari A, Ghodsi FE (2012) Growth, characterization and studying of sol–gel derived CdS nanoscrystalline thin films incorporated in polyethyleneglycol: effects of post-heat treatment. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 105:249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLMAT.2012.05.014
Al-Degs YS, El-Barghouthi MI, El-Sheikh AH, Walker GM (2008) Effect of solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature on adsorption behavior of reactive dyes on activated carbon. Dye Pigment 77:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DYEPIG.2007.03.001
Al-Kdasi A, Idris A, Saed K, Teong Guan C (2004) Treatment of textile wastewater by advanced oxidation processes-a review. Glob Nest Int J 6(3):222–230
Basnet P, Zhao Y (2016) Tuning the Cu × O nanorod composition for efficient visible light induced photocatalysis. Catal Sci Technol 6:2228–2238. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY01464F
Chauhan R, Kumar A, Chaudhary RP (2013) Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue with Fe doped CdS nanoparticles. Appl Surf Sci 270:655–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2013.01.110
Chowdhury S, Saha P (2011) Adsorption kinetic modeling of safranin onto rice husk biomatrix using pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models: comparison of linear and non-linear methods. Clean Soil Air Water 39:274–282. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000170
Deng X, Zhang Q, Zhou E et al (2015) Morphology transformation of Cu2O sub-microstructures by Sn doping for enhanced photocatalytic properties. J Alloys Compd 649:1124–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2015.07.124
Deng X, Wang C, Shao M et al (2017a) Low-temperature solution synthesis of CuO/Cu2 O nanostructures for enhanced photocatalytic activity with added H2 O2: synergistic effect and mechanism insight. RSC Adv 7:4329–4338. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA27634B
Deng X, Wang C, Yang H et al (2017b) One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of CdS decorated CuS microflower-like structures for enhanced photocatalytic properties. Sci Rep 7:3877. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04270-y
Desai KR, Pathan AA, Bhasin CP (2017) Synthesis, characterization of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles and its application as photocatalytic degradation of congored. Int J Nanomater Chem 3:39. https://doi.org/10.18576/ijnc/030204
Devi RA, Latha M, Velumani S et al (2015) Synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 15:8434–8439
Dhage SR, Colorado HA, Hahn HT (2013) Photoluminescence properties of thermally stable highly crystalline CdS nanoparticles. Mater Res 16:504–507. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000020
Dong F, Zhao Z, Xiong T et al (2013) In Situ construction of g-C3 N4/g-C3 N4 metal-free heterojunction for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:11392–11401. https://doi.org/10.1021/am403653a
Elevathoor Vikraman A, Rosin Jose A, Jacob M, Girish Kumar K (2015) Thioglycolic acid capped CdS quantum dots as a fluorescent probe for the nanomolar determination of dopamine. Anal Methods 7:6791–6798. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY01412C
Ertis IF, Boz I (2017) Synthesis and optical properties of Sb-doped CdS photocatalysts and their use in methylene blue (MB) degradation. Int J Chem React Eng 15:. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2016-0102
He J, Chen L, Yi Z-Q et al (2016) CdS nanorods coupled with WS 2 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. Ind Eng Chem Res 55:8327–8333. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01511
He W, Wang C, Zhuge F et al (2017) Flexible and high energy density asymmetrical supercapacitors based on core/shell conducting polymer nanowires/manganese dioxide nanoflakes. Nano Energy 35:242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NANOEN.2017.03.045
Hong E, Kim D, Kim JH (2014) Heterostructured metal sulfide (ZnS–CuS–CdS) photocatalyst for high electron utilization in hydrogen production from solar water splitting. J Ind Eng Chem 20:3869–3874. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JIEC.2013.12.092
Jiang W, Wu Z, Yue X et al (2015) Photocatalytic performance of Ag 2 S under irradiation with visible and near-infrared light and its mechanism of degradation. RSC Adv 5:24064–24071. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA15774E
Kaur K, Lotey GS, Verma NK (2014) Optical and magnetic properties of Fe-doped CdS dilute magnetic semiconducting nanorods. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 25:2605–2610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-014-1918-y
Kriegel I, Jiang C, Rodríguez-Fernández J et al (2012) Tuning the excitonic and plasmonic properties of copper chalcogenide nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 134:1583–1590. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja207798q
Kumar S, Sharma JK (2017) Effect of nickel doping on optical properties of CdS nanoparticles synthesized via. Co-precipitation technique. Mater Sci Res India 14:05–08. https://doi.org/10.13005/msri/140102
Kumar S, Kumar S, Jain S, Verma NK (2012) Magnetic and structural characterization of transition metal co-doped CdS nanoparticles. Appl Nanosci 2:127–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-011-0046-8
Kundu J, Pradhan D (2014) Controlled synthesis and catalytic activity of copper sulfide nanostructured assemblies with different morphologies. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:1823–1834. https://doi.org/10.1021/am404829g
Li K-Q, Huang F-Q, Lin X-P (2008) Pristine narrow-bandgap Sb2S3 as a high-efficiency visible-light responsive photocatalyst. Scr Mater 58:834–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCRIPTAMAT.2007.12.033
Ma L, Zhao Q, Zhang Q et al (2014) Controlled assembly of Bi2 S3 architectures as Schottky diode, supercapacitor electrodes and highly efficient photocatalysts. RSC Adv 4:41636–41641. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA07169G
Mercy A, Jesper Anandhi A, Sakthi Murugesan K et al (2014) Synthesis, structural and property studies of Ni doped cadmium sulphide quantum dots stabilized in DETA matrix. J Alloys Compd 593:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2013.12.161
Park JC, Kim J, Kwon H, Song H (2009) Gram-scale synthesis of Cu2 O nanocubes and subsequent oxidation to CuO hollow nanostructures for lithium-ion battery anode materials. Adv Mater 21:803–807. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200800596
Patel NH, Deshpande MP, Chaki SH, Keharia HR (2017) Tuning of optical, thermal and antimicrobial capabilities of CdS nanoparticles with incorporated Mn prepared by chemical method. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 28:10866–10876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-6865-y
Qutub N, Pirzada BM, Umar K, Sabir S (2016) Synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using different sulfide ion precursors: formation mechanism and photocatalytic degradation of Acid Blue-29. J Environ Chem Eng 4:808–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2015.10.031
Rathore KS, Deepika, Patidar D et al (2010) Cadmium sulphide nanocrystallites: synthesis, optical and electrical studies. In: AIP conference proceedings. American Institute of Physics, pp 145–148
Seoudi R, Allehyani SHA, Said DA et al (2015) Preparation, characterization, and size control of chemically synthesized CdS nanoparticles capped with poly(ethylene glycol). J Electron Mater 44:3367–3374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-015-3838-x
Shaban M, Ashraf AM, Abukhadra MR (2018) TiO2 nanoribbons/carbon nanotubes composite with enhanced photocatalytic activity; fabrication, characterization, and application. Sci Rep 8:781. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19172-w
Sivakumar M, Towata A, Yasui K et al (2010) Dependence of sonochemical parameters on the platinization of rutile titania—an observation of a pronounced increase in photocatalytic efficiencies. Ultrason Sonochem 17:621–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ULTSONCH.2009.11.013
Su J, Zhang T, Li Y et al (2016) Photocatalytic activities of copper doped cadmium sulfide microspheres prepared by a facile ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis method. Molecules 21:735. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060735
Thambidurai M, Muthukumarasamy N, Agilan S et al (2010) Studies on optical absorption and structural properties of Fe doped CdS quantum dots. Solid State Sci 12:1554–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLIDSTATESCIENCES.2010.06.020
Waly SA, Shehata MM, Mahmoud HH (2017) Synthesis and characterization of CdS nanoparticles prepared by precipitation in the presence of span 20 as surfactant. Russ J Appl Chem 90:292–297. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427217020203
Wan X, Liang X, Zhang C et al (2015) Morphology controlled syntheses of Cu-doped ZnO, tubular Zn(Cu)O and Ag decorated tubular Zn(Cu)O microcrystals for photocatalysis. Chem Eng J 272:58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2015.02.089
Wang Q, Lian J, Li J et al (2015) Highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production of flower-like cadmium sulfide decorated by histidine. Sci Rep 5:13593. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13593
Wang A, Wang Y, Yu W et al (2016) TiO2—multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites: hydrothermal synthesis and temporally-dependent optical properties. RSC Adv 6:20120–20127. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA26677G
Xu X, Zhai T, Shao M, Huang J (2012) Anodic formation of anatase TiO2 nanotubes with rod-formed walls for photocatalysis and field emitters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:16371. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp43168h
Xu X, Gao Z, Cui Z et al (2016) Synthesis of Cu2 O octadecahedron/TiO2 quantum dot heterojunctions with high visible light photocatalytic activity and high stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:91–101. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06536
Zhao Q, Deng X, Ding M et al (2015) One-pot synthesis of Zn-doped SnO2 nanosheet-based hierarchical architectures as a glycol gas sensor and photocatalyst. CrystEngComm 17:4394–4401. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CE00546A
Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238:37–38
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by higher education commission (HEC), Pakistan, through start research project no. 21-1669/SRGP/R&D/HEC/2017 and CAS-TWAS President’s Fellowship for international PhD students, China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have confirmed no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Junaid, M., Imran, M., Ikram, M. et al. The study of Fe-doped CdS nanoparticle-assisted photocatalytic degradation of organic dye in wastewater. Appl Nanosci 9, 1593–1602 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-018-0933-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-018-0933-3