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Phylogeny of the egg-loving green alga Oophila amblystomatis (Chlamydomonadales) and its response to the herbicides atrazine and 2,4-D

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Abstract

The spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) shares a unique endosymbiotic relationship with the unicellular green alga, Oophila amblystomatis. Despite studies isolating and identifying O. amblystomatis in salamander eggs, the taxonomic identity of the alga remains a point of ongoing debate. In this study, the nuclear SSU rRNA gene was used to characterize two well-supported Oophila clades that include lineages identified from past studies in addition to new isolates from the current study. These two clades do not form a monophyletic group and, furthermore, O. amblystomatis appears to be paraphyletic with numerous other chlamydomonad algae. To gain further insight into the biogeographic variation of the host A. maculatum, the mitochondrial ND4 and control gene regions were examined and the phylogeography was observed to be similar to that noted in the literature. Additionally, the response of O. amblystomatis to atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid following 96 h exposure and a 96 h recovery phase was characterized, as this is a plausible mechanism by which the development of the host salamander could be impaired by herbicides. At the 96 h growth rate, no-observed-effect concentrations were 64 μg/L and 30 mg/L for atrazine and 2,4-D, respectively. We observed full recovery ofO. amblystomatis at these concentrations within 96 h. These data suggest that atrazine and 2,4-D do not pose a significant risk to the symbiotic algae, or, indirectly, to the host salamander. In conclusion, we recommend a revision of the current taxonomy of O. amblystomatis, and demonstrate the need for species identification and thorough phylogenetic reconstruction in toxicity testing to accurately inform risk assessment.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grant to KM and MH. Thanks to Leilan Baxter at the University of Guelph for her help with sampling and providing support with experiments. Thanks also to Craig Schneider at Trinity College, Connecticut for his insight on O. amblystomatis and its type specimen, which was integral to this study. We would finally like to acknowledge the two anonymous reviewers for taking their time to review our manuscript and provide helpful comments that contributed to the improvement of this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    Mohini Nema & Kirsten M. Müller

  2. Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada

    Mark L. Hanson

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Nema, M., Hanson, M.L. & Müller, K.M. Phylogeny of the egg-loving green alga Oophila amblystomatis (Chlamydomonadales) and its response to the herbicides atrazine and 2,4-D. Symbiosis 77, 23–39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-018-0564-1

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