Abstract
In this study, we set up a virtual subway car and analyzed the stress response of young passengers in different compartments. A total of 10 volunteers participated in the experimental study. We measured their diastolic blood pressures, systolic blood pressures, and heart rates, from a car density of one person per square meter to a density of 10 persons per square meter, using 37° sport wristbands. The results show that the participants’ mean, minimum, and maximum heart rates were within the normal range, but the ratio of their mean to their maximum heart rate was 73.69%, a level that would have an impact on human health. Their mean, minimum, and maximum diastolic blood pressures and systolic blood pressures were within the normal range. Passenger density had no significant effect on diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or heart rate (p < 0.05). Diastolic and systolic blood pressures were significantly positively correlated, whereas diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, and systolic blood pressure and heart rate, were negatively correlated, although not significantly. For the sake of comfort, we recommend five persons per square meter as the critical value of congestion.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- BP:
-
Blood pressure
- SP:
-
Systolic blood pressure
- DP:
-
Diastolic blood pressure
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- bpm:
-
Beats per minute
References
An J, Sun M, Guo J (2013) Analysis of travel energy expenditure based on subjective perception and objective measurement. Urban Transp China 11(2):73–132 (in Chinese)
Cai F, Yi C, Liu S, Wang Y, Liu L et al (2016) Ultrasensitive, passive and wearable sensors for monitoring human muscle motion and physiological signals. Biosens Bioelectron. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.062
Collet C, Averty P, Dittmar A (2009a) Autonomic nervous system and subjective ratings of strain in air-traffic control. Appl Ergon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2008.01.019
Collet C, Clarion A, Morel M, Chapon A, Petit C (2009b) Physiological and behavioural changes associated to the management of secondary tasks while driving. Appl Ergon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2009.01.007
Cox T, Houdmont J, Griffiths A (2006) Rail passenger crowding, stress, health and safety in Britain. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2005.07.001
Dai Y (2016) How much is the normal blood pressure, the normal range of blood pressure is introduced. Resource document. Chachaba. https://www.chachaba.com/news/html/health/zixun/20161116_290599.html. Accessed 16 Nov 2016
Evans GW, Wener RE (2006) Rail commuting duration and passenger stress. Health Psychol 25(3):408–412. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.408
Fan X (2011) Study on the reference range of heart in resting state of healthy adults under rate. Grassroots Med Forum. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-1721.2011.17.013(in Chinese)
Fan J (2012) What is the normal range of the human heart rate, what is the standard heart rate value? Resource document. Chachaba. https://www.chachaba.com/news/html/health/neike/20121211_102647.html. Accessed 19 Sept 2019
Ge X, Dong W, Jin H (2011) Study on the social psychology and behaviors in a subway evacuation drill in China. Procedia Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.635
Guo Y (2012) Research on emergency evacuation behavior of passengers and capacity in subway station fire. Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan (in Chinese)
Haghani M, Sarvi M (2016) Human exit choice in crowded built environments: investigating underlying behavioural differences between normal egress and emergency evacuations. Fire Saf J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.07.003
Han J, Kwon SB, Chun C (2016) Indoor environment and passengers’ comfort in subway stations in Seoul. Build Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.05.008
He Q, Wang Z (2014) Application of normality test in teaching research. High Educ Sci. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-4076.2014.04.004(in Chinese)
He L, Zhong M, Shi C, Shi J, Wang J (2010) Survey on behavioural features of evacuation of beijing subway. International Colloquium on Safety Science and Technology, Shenyang, China, 27–28, September, 2010 (in Chinese)
Hiemstra-Van Mastrigt S, Kamp I, Van Veen SAT, Vink P, Bosch T (2015) The influence of active seating on car passengers’ perceived comfort and activity levels. Appl Ergon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.10.004
Hu Q (2006) Research of pedestrian crowding mechanism and behavior in large-scale public building. Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing (in Chinese)
Hu Q, Fang W, Li G, Jia Y (2008) Review on pedestrian behavior characteristics and crowding mechanism in public buildings. China Saf Sci J. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-3033.2008.08.011(in Chinese)
Illiyas FT, Mani SK, Pradeepkumar AP, Mohan K (2013) Human stampedes during religious festivals: a comparative review of mass gathering emergencies in India. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.09.003
Jiang C, Deng Y, Hu C, Ding H, Chow W (2009) Crowding in platform staircases of a subway station in China during rush hours. Saf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.10.003
Lee K, Jung WS, Park JS, Choi MY (2008) Statistical analysis of the metropolitan Seoul subway system: network structure and passenger flows. Phys A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2008.06.035
Li Y, Yan H, Yang H, Wang Z (2010) Research on mental fatigue based on heart rate variability. Chin J Biomed Eng. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0258-8021.2010.01.001(in Chinese)
Li M, Peng H, Zhang X, Deng L (2012) Research on risk assessment system of mass crowded stampede-trampling accidents in stadium. Appl Math Inf Sci 6(1s):9–14
Lin X, Song S, Zhai H, Yuan P, Chen M (2019) Cusp catastrophe based on analysis of stress reaction of subway passengers under crowded condition. China Saf Sci J 29(2):112–117 (in Chinese)
Liu P, Ge M, Wang X, Yan Y (2010) The geographical distribution of the reference value of heart rate of Chinese men. J Shan xi Med Uni. https://doi.org/10.3969/J.ISSN.1007-6611.2010.09.004(in Chinese)
Liu Y, Wang S, Lai D (2017) Surveys on personnel evacuation in subways in Tianjin. J Catastrophol. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2017.04.028(in Chinese)
Lobelo F, Kelli HM, Tejedor SC, Pratt M, Mcconnell MV, Martin SS et al (2016) The wild West: a framework to integrate mhealth software applications and wearables to support physical activity assessment, counseling and interventions for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2016.02.007
Luo L, Shen F, Liu Y, Yang Y (2016) Research on factors influencing selection of evacuation route in an emergency in subway station. China Saf Sci J. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-3033.2008.08.011(in Chinese)
Lyu K, Ding H, Zhu Y, Pan Y, Shi Z, Xie J (2018) Research report on reading habits of Metro passengers in Ningbo. Young Soc 11(33):175–176 (in Chinese)
Wang M, Wang W, Zhang H et al (2008) Monitoring and analysis of acute mountain sickness of train passengers on Qinghai-Tibet railway. Mod Prev Med 35(9):1704–1707 (in Chinese)
Min BC, Chung SC, Park SJ, Kim CJ, Sakamoto K (2002) Autonomic responses of young passengers contingent to the speed and driving mode of a vehicle. Int J Ind Ergon. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141(01)00059-2
Mulder B, Kruizinga A, Stuiver A, Venema I, Hoogeboom P (2004) Monitoring cardiovascular state changes in a simulated ambulance dispatcher task for use in adaptive automation. Utopia.Knoware.Nl, 2. Retrieved from https://utopia.knoware.nl/users/hfesec/books/firstpage2003/15.pdf
Niederkrotenthaler T, Sonneck G, Dervic K, Nader IW, Voracek M, Kapusta ND et al (2012) Predictors of suicide and suicide attempt in subway stations: a population-based ecological study. J Urban Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9656-4
Nyhan M, Mcnabola A, Misstear B (2014) Comparison of particulate matter dose and acute heart rate variability response in cyclists, pedestrians, bus and train passengers. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.096
Park D, Oh M, Yoon Y, Park E, Lee K (2012) Source identification of pm10 pollution in subway passenger cabins using positive matrix factorization. Atmos Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.064
Qi L, Lin J (2013) Study on the comfort of the high speed train compartment noise based on heart rate variability. J Jiamusi Univ (Nat Sci Edn). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-1402.2013.05.008(in Chinese)
Ran L, Liu M (2007) Effects of crowded people density on crushing fatalities. J Saf Environ. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-6094.2007.04.035(in Chinese)
Ren C, Wu Z, Liu M (2005) Analysis of accident due to swarm and jostlement at urban public place. China Saf Sci J. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-3033.2005.12.024
Rendonvelez E, Van Leeuwen PM, Happee R, Horváth I, Van DVWF, De Winter JCF (2016) The effects of time pressure on driver performance and physiological activity: a driving simulator study. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.06.013
Salahuddin L, Cho J, Jeong MG, Kim D (2007) Ultra short term analysis of heart rate variability for monitoring mental stress in mobile settings. In: 2007 29th Annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society. Lyon, France, 23–26, August 2007
Shen J (2007) Analysis on vehicle capacity and congestion. Urban Rapid Rail Transit. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2007.05.005(in Chinese)
Sun G, Nakayama Y, Dagdanpurev S, Abe S, Nishimura H, Kirimoto T et al (2017) Remote sensing of multiple vital signs using a cmos camera-equipped infrared thermography system and its clinical application in rapidly screening patients with suspected infectious diseases. Int J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.007
Waard D, Kruizinga A, Karel A (2008) The consequences of an increase in heavy goods vehicles for passenger car drivers’ mental workload and behaviour: a simulator study. Accid Anal Prev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.09.029
Wcislik M, Pozoga M, Smerdzynski P (2015) Wireless health monitoring system. IFAC, pp 312–317
Wen X, Yang Y, Ye X (2012) Study on the choice of urban rail transit in large cities. Traffic Eng 8:356–359 (in Chinese)
Wu Q (2015) Study on appropriate density of standing passengers in subway cars. Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing (in Chinese)
Xie M, Li Z (2015) fine evaluation of congestion degree of rail car and platform station based on large data. In: China Urban transportation planning annual meeting and the twenty-eighth symposium. Hangzhou, China, 15–16 May 2015 (in Chinese)
Xu Q (2014) Crowding perception modelling and behavior dynamics for passengers on urban rail transit platform. Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing (in Chinese)
Yang J (2016) Safety risk analysis and countermeasures study on regular mass passenger flow of China’s urban subway. Procedia Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.01.104
Yang X, Dong H, Wang Q, Chen Y, Hu X (2014) Guided crowd dynamics via modified social force model. Physica A Stat Mech Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.05.068
Yaseen S, Al-Habaibeh A, Su D, Otham F (2013) Real-time passenger density mapping using a novel sensory fusion model of infrared and visual systems. Saf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.03.007
Ying L, Wang C, Cao Y, Shen Z, Yu P (2008) Effect of elevator ride on human’s heart rate. China Med Eng. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-2019.2008.02.010(in Chinese)
Zhang J, Du Y (2013) Evaluation method of asphalt pavement roughness based on passengers’ riding comfort. J Beijing Univ Technol 39(2):257–262 (in Chinese)
Zhou J, Shi ZK (2015) Lattice hydrodynamic model for bidirectional pedestrian flow with the consideration of pedestrian density difference. Int J Mod Phys C. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129183115500928
Zuba D, Adamowicz P, Byrska B (2013) Detection of buphedrone in biological and non-biological material—two case reports. Forensic Sci Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.034
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my sincere thanks to the volunteers who took part in this experiment. This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 17CGL073, the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, Grant No. ZR2017BG009, and the Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program, Grants Nos. S201910360237 and S201910360250.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, X., Song, S., Yu, P. et al. Study on the stress response of young passengers in different subway passenger densities. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 11, 899–908 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-01013-7
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-01013-7