Abstract
To determine the differences in the characteristic volatile compounds between winemaking areas in the Xinjiang region, this study was conducted by sampling Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from four winemaking areas in Xinjiang, named Tianshanbeilu, Yili, Yanqi, and Hami. After undergoing the same alcoholic fermentation treatment, the wines from the four areas were subjected to GC–MS and sensory analysis. The results showed that fifty aromatic compounds (including higher alcohols, esters, acids, terpenes, aldehydes/ketones, et al.) were identified and quantified. Interestingly, the terpene and phenylalanine derivative contents of the wines from northern Xinjiang were higher than those from the south. Additionally, four vineyards highly contributed to the development of key volatile compounds in the Xinjiang region. Sensory analysis showed that the wines from northern Xinjiang were impressive with a flowery and fruity aroma and the wines from southern Xinjiang had a stronger wine body and astringency.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott NA, Coombe BG, Williams PJ (1991) The contribution of hydrolyzed flavor precursors to quality differences in Shiraz juice and wines: an investigation by sensory descriptive analysis. Am J Enol Vitic 42(3):167–174
Alessandrini M, Gaiotti F, Belfiore N, Matarese F, D'Onofrio C, Tomasi D (2017) Influence of vineyard altitude on Glera grape ripening (Vitis vinifera L.): effects on aroma evolution and wine sensory profile. J Sci Food Agric 97(9):2695–2705. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8093
Asproudi A, Petrozziello M, Cavalletto S, Guidoni S (2016) Grape aroma precursors in cv. Nebbiolo as affected by vine microclimate. Food Chem 211:947–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.070
Blättel V, Wirth K, Claus H, Schlott B, Pfeiffer P, König H (2009) A lytic enzyme cocktail from Streptomyces sp. B578 for the control of lactic and acetic acid bacteria in wine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 83(5):839–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-1926-7
Bonada M, Jeffery DW, Petrie PR, Moran MA, Sadras VO (2015) Impact of elevated temperature and water deficit on the chemical and sensory profiles of Barossa Shiraz grapes and wines. Aust J Grape Wine Res 21(2):240–253
Boulton R (2001) The copigmentation of anthocyanins and its role in the color of red wine: a critical review. Am J Enol Vitic 52(2):67–87
Cabrita MJO, Freitas AMC, Laureano O (2007) Aroma compounds in varietal wines from Alentejo, Portugal. J Food Compos Anal 20(5):375–390
Chen K, Escott C, Loira I (2016) The effects of pre-fermentative addition of oenological tannins on wine components and sensorial qualities of red wine. Molecules 21(11):1445–1451
Cai P, Hamdi R, Luo G, He H, Zhang M, Termonia P, De Maeyer P (2019) Agriculture intensification increases summer precipitation in Tianshan Mountains, China. Atmos Res 227:140–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.005
Chen X, Luo G, Xia J, Zhou K, Lou S, Ye M (2005) Ecological response to the climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. Sci China Ser D Earth Sci 48(6):765–777. https://doi.org/10.1360/04yd0050
Chen K, Han S-Y, Li M, Sheng W-J (2017) Use of lysozyme and oligomeric proanthocyanidin to reduce sulfur dioxide and the evolution of volatile compounds in italian riesling ice wine during aging process. J Food Process Preserv 41(1):e12755. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.12755
Chen K, Escott C, Loira I, del Fresno JM, Morata A, Tesfaye W, Calderon F, Suárez-Lepe JA, Han S, Benito S (2018) Use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts and oenological tannin in red winemaking: influence on colour, aroma and sensorial properties of young wines. Food Microbiol 69:51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.07.018
Chen K, Wen J, Ma L, Wen H, Li J (2019) Dynamic changes in norisoprenoids and phenylalanine-derived volatiles in off-vine Vidal blanc grape during late harvest. Food Chem 289:645–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.101
Duarte WF, Dias DR, Oliveira JM, Teixeira JA, de Almeida e Silva JB, Schwan RF (2010) Characterization of different fruit wines made from cacao, cupuassu, gabiroba, jaboticaba and umbu. LWT Food Sci Technol 43(10):1564–1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.03.010
Feng L, Jia H, Wang J, Qin Y, Liu Y, Song Y (2019) Selection of indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for winemaking in Northwest China. Am J Enol Vitic 70(2):115–126. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2018.18035
Keller M (2010) Chapter 7—Environmental constraints and stress physiology. In: Keller M (ed) The science of grapevines. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 227–310
Keller M (2015) Chapter 3—water relations and nutrient uptake. In: Keller M (ed) The science of grapevines, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 101–124
Lan Y-B, Qian X, Yang Z-J, Xiang X-F, Yang W-X, Liu T, Zhu B-Q, Pan Q-H, Duan C-Q (2016) Striking changes in volatile profiles at sub-zero temperatures during over-ripening of ‘Beibinghong’ grapes in Northeastern China. Food Chem 212:172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.143
Leeuwen C, Friant P, Chone X, Tregoat O, Koundouras S, Dubourdieu D (2004) Influence of climate, soil, and cultivar on terroir. Am J Enol Vitic 55(3):207–217
Liu B, Xu X-Q, Cai J, Lan Y-B, Zhu B-Q, Wang J (2015) The free and enzyme-released volatile compounds of distinctive Vitis amurensis var. Zuoshanyi grapes in China. Eur Food Res Technol 240(5):985–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-014-2403-9
Ma W, Wu Y, Wei Y, Zou W, Yan Y, Xue J, Tian G, Wang L, Wang W, Pan H (2018) Microbial diversity analysis of vineyards in the Xinjiang region using high-throughput sequencing. J Inst Brew 124(3):276–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/jib.501
Marinova K, Pourcel L, Weder B, Schwarz M, Barron D, Jm DI, Klein M (2007) The Arabidopsis MATE transporter TT12 acts as a vacuolar flavonoid/H+-antiporter active in proanthocyanidin-accumulating cells of the seed coat. Plant Cell 19(6):2023–2038
Mekoue Nguela J, Vernhet A, Sieczkowski N, Brillouet J-M (2015) Interactions of condensed tannins with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells and cell walls: tannin location by microscopy. J Agric Food Chem 63(34):7539–7545. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02241
Noble AC (1996) Taste-aroma interactions. Trends Food Sci Technol 7(12):439–444
Perez-Jiménez M, Chaya C, Pozo-Bayón MÁ (2019) Individual differences and effect of phenolic compounds in the immediate and prolonged in-mouth aroma release and retronasal aroma intensity during wine tasting. Food Chem 285:147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.152
Pozo-Bayón MÁ, Reineccius G (2009) Interactions between wine matrix macro-components and aroma compounds. In: Moreno-Arribas MV, Polo MC (eds) Wine chemistry and biochemistry. Springer, New York, pp 417–435
Ribereaugayon P, Glories Y, Maujean A, Dubourdieu D, Ribéreaugayon P, Glories Y, Maujean A, Dubourdieu D (2006) Handbook of enology: volume 2. The chemistry of wine stabilization and treatments. Wiley, New York, pp 109–139
Robinson AL, Boss PK, Solomon PS, Trengove RD, Heymann H, Ebeler SE (2014) Origins of grape and wine aroma. Part 2. Chemical and sensory analysis. Am J Enol Vitic 65(1):25–42. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2013.13106
Sánchez-Palomo E, Gómez García-Carpintero E, Alonso-Villegas R, González-Viñas MA (2010) Characterization of aroma compounds of Verdejo white wines from the La Mancha region by odour activity values. Flavour Fragr J 25(6):456–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2005
Selli S, Prost C, Serot T (2009) Odour-active and off-odour components in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) extracts obtained by microwave assisted distillation–solvent extraction. Food Chem 114(1):317–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.038
Selli S, Gubbuk H, Kafkas E, Gunes E (2012) Comparison of aroma compounds in Dwarf Cavendish banana (Musa spp. AAA) grown from open-field and protected cultivation area. Sci Hortic 141:76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.04.008
Tao Y, Zhang L (2010) Intensity prediction of typical aroma characters of cabernet sauvignon wine in Changli County (China). LWT Food Sci Technol 43(10):1550–1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.06.003
Villamor RR, Ross CF (2013) Wine matrix compounds affect perception of wine aromas. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 4(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182707
Vitalini S, Gardana C, Zanzotto A, Fico G, Faoro F, Simonetti P, Iriti M (2011) From vineyard to glass: agrochemicals enhance the melatonin and total polyphenol contents and antiradical activity of red wines. J Pineal Res 51(3):278–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2011.00887.x
Wu YY, Xing K, Zhang XX, Wang H, Wang Y, Wang F, Li JM (2017) Influence of freeze concentration technique on aromatic and phenolic compounds, color attributes, and sensory properties of Cabernet Sauvignon wine. Molecules 22(6):899
Yuan F, Qian MC (2016) Development of C13-norisoprenoids, carotenoids and other volatile compounds in Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Pinot noir grapes. Food Chem 192:633–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.050
Zepka LQ, Garruti DS, Sampaio KL, Mercadante AZ, Da Silva MAAP (2014) Aroma compounds derived from the thermal degradation of carotenoids in a cashew apple juice model. Food Res Int 56:108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.12.015
Zhang P, Fuentes S, Siebert T, Krstic M, Herderich M, Barlow EWR, Howell K (2016) Terpene evolution during the development of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz grapes. Food Chem 204:463–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.125
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key Project of Science and Technology (2017A01001-2). We are thankful for the support of the experimental facilities and manuscript proofreading by Prof. Jingming Li and Ph.D. Kai Chen from China Agricultural University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yao, Y., Chen, K., Yang, X. et al. Comparative study of the key aromatic compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon wine from the Xinjiang region of China. J Food Sci Technol 58, 2109–2120 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04720-y
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04720-y