Abstract
The ability of different Lactobacillus strains to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from linoleic acid was evaluated. Preliminary experiments revealed that L. plantarum among the screened strains had the highest CLA-producing potential (95.25 μg/mL). The cell growth of this bacterium was studied in three media of MRS broth, skim milk and skim milk supplemented with yeast extract and glucose. Results showed that the use of yeast extract and glucose could significantly increase the cell growth and CLA production. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effects of three independent variables; linoleic acid (LA), yeast extract concentrations and inoculum size on the CLA formation. A second-order polynomial model with high R 2 value (0.981) was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The optimum conditions to achieve the highest CLA production (240.69 μg/mL) was obtained using 3 mg/mL LA, 4 g/L yeast extract and inoculum size of 4 % v/v. CLA concentration of the optimal sample was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC). The cis-9, trans-11 CLA was the major CLA isomer of total CLA detected.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alonso L, Cuesta E, Gilliland S (2003) Production of free conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei of human intestinal origin. J Dairy Sci 86:1941–1946
Boyaval P, Corre C, Dupuis C, Roussel E (1995) Effects of free fatty acids on propionic acid bacteria. Lait 75:17–29
Chin SF, Storkson JM, Liu W, Albright KJ, Pariza MW (1994) Conjugated linoleic acid (9, 11-and 10, 12-octadecadienoic acid) is produced in conventional but not germ-free rats fed linoleic acid. J Nutr 124:694–701
Das S, Holland R, Crow V, Bennett R, Manderson G (2005) Effect of yeast and bacterial adjuncts on the CLA content and flavour of a washed-curd, dry-salted cheese. Int Dairy J 15:807–815
Dubey V, Ghosh AR, Mandal BK (2012) Appraisal of conjugated linoleic acid production by probiotic potential of Pediococcus spp. GS4. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 168:1265–1276
Gharibzahedi SMT, Razavi SH, Mousavi SM, Moayedi V (2012) High efficiency canthaxanthin production by a novel mutant isolated from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 using central composite design analysis. Ind Crop Prod 40:345–354
Gharibzahedi SMT, Razavi SH, Mousavi SM (2013) Ultrasound-assisted formation of the canthaxanthin emulsions stabilized by arabic and xanthan gums. Carbohydr Polym 96:21–30
Ghasemlou M, Khodaiyan F, Jahanbin K, Gharibzahedi SMT, Taheri S (2012) Structural investigation and response surface optimisation for improvement of kefiran production yield from a low-cost culture medium. Food Chem 133:383–389
Hennessy A, Ross R, Devery R, Stanton C (2009) Optimization of a reconstituted skim milk based medium for enhanced CLA production by bifidobacteria. J Appl Microbiol 106:1315–1327
Jiang J, Björck L, Fonden R (1998) Production of conjugated linoleic acid by dairy starter cultures. J Appl Microbiol 85:95–102
Kim Y, Liu R (2002) Increase of conjugated linoleic acid content in milk by fermentation with lactic acid bacteria. J Food Sci 67:1731–1737
Kim YJ, Liu RH, Bond DR, Russell JB (2000) Effect of linoleic acid concentration on conjugated linoleic acid production by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:5226–5230
Kishino S, Ogawa J, Omura Y, Matsumura K, Shimizu S (2002) Conjugated linoleic acid production from linoleic acid by lactic acid bacteria. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:159–163
Li H, Liu Y, Bao Y, Liu X, Zhang H (2012) Conjugated linoleic acid conversion by six Lactobacillus plantarum strains cultured in MRS broth supplemented with sunflower oil and soymilk. J Food Sci 77:330–336
Li J, Zhang L, Han X et al (2013) Effect of incubation conditions and possible intestinal nutrients on cis-9, trans 11 conjugated linoleic acid production by Lactobacillus acidophilus F0221. Int Dairy J 29:93–98
Lin TY (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid concentration as affected by lactic cultures and additives. Food Chem 69:27–31
Lin TY, Lin C-W, Lee C-H (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid concentration as affected by lactic cultures and added linoleic acid. Food Chem 67:1–5
Lin T, Lin C-W, Wang Y-J (2003) Production of conjugated linoleic acid by enzyme extract of Lactobacillus acidophilus CCRC 14079. Food Chem 83:27–31
Liong M, Shah N (2005) Acid and bile tolerance and cholesterol removal ability of lactobacilli strains. J Dairy Sci 88:55–66
Liu P, Shen S-R, Ruan H, Zhou Q, Ma L-L, He G-Q (2011) Production of conjugated linoleic acids by Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from naturally fermented Chinese pickles. J Zhejiang Univ Sci 12:923–930
Nieman C (1954) Influence of trace amounts of fatty acids on the growth of microorganisms. Bacteriol Rev 18:147–163
Ogawa J, Matsumura K, Kishino S, Omura Y, Shimizu S (2001) Conjugated linoleic acid accumulation via 10-hydroxy-12-octadecaenoic acid during microaerobic transformation of linoleic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:1246–1252
Ogawa J, Kishino S, Ando A, Sugimoto S, Mihara K, Shimizu S (2005) Production of conjugated fatty acids by lactic acid bacteria. J Biosci Bioeng 100:355–364
Puniya AK, Chaitanya S, Tyagi A, De S, Singh K (2008) Conjugated linoleic acid producing potential of lactobacilli isolated from the rumen of cattle. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:1223–1228
Rosson RA, Grunde AD (2001) Linoleate Isomerase: World Patent, 100846
Scrimgeour C (2005) Chemistry of fatty acids. In: Shahidi F (ed) Baileys industrial oil and fat products, 6th edn. Wiley, New York
Shantha N, Decker E (1993) Conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in processed cheese containing hydrogen donors, iron and dairy-based additives. Food Chem 47:257–261
Van Nieuwenhove C, Oliszewski R, González S, Perez Chaia A (2007) Conjugated linoleic acid conversion by dairy bacteria cultured in MRS broth and buffalo milk. Lett Appl Microbiol 44:467–474
Wang L-M, Lv J-P, Chu Z-Q, Cui Y-Y, Ren X-H (2007) Production of conjugated linoleic acid by Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Food Chem 103:313–318
Wu X, Zhang L, Gurley E et al (2008) Prevention of free fatty acid-induced hepatic lipotoxicity by 18β‐glycyrrhetinic acid through lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways. Hepatology 47:1905–1915
Yadav H, Jain S, Sinha P (2007) Production of free fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei during fermentation and storage. Int J Dairy J 17:1006–1010
Yang B, Chen H, Gu Z et al (2014) Synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid by the linoleate isomerase complex in food‐derived lactobacilli. J Appl Microbiol
Ye S, Yu T, Yang H et al (2013) Optimal culture conditions for producing conjugated linoleic acid in skim-milk by co-culture of different Lactobacillus strains. Ann Microbiol 63:707–717
Zhao H-W, Lv J-P, Li S-R (2011) Production of conjugated linoleic acid by whole-cell of Lactobacillus plantarum A6-1F. Biotechnol Biotec Equip 25:2266–2272
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to thank the University of Tehran and Center of Excellence for Application of Modern Technology for Producing Functional Foods and Drinks, for providing the laboratory facilities and financial support for this project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khosravi, A., Safari, M., Khodaiyan, F. et al. Bioconversion enhancement of conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus plantarum using the culture media manipulation and numerical optimization. J Food Sci Technol 52, 5781–5789 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1699-6
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1699-6