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RSM based optimized enzyme-assisted extraction of antioxidant phenolics from underutilized watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) rind

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Abstract

Enzyme assisted solvent extraction (EASE) of phenolic compounds from watermelon (C. lanatus) rind (WMR) was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Rotatable Central Composite Design (RCCD). Four variables each at five levels i.e. enzyme concentration (EC) 0.5–6.5 %, pH 6–9, temperature (T) 25–75 °C and treatment time (t) 30–90 min, were augmented to get optimal yield of polyphenols with maximum retained antioxidant potential. The polyphenol extracts obtained under optimum conditions were evaluated for their in-vitro antioxidant activities and characterized for individual phenolic profile by RP-HPLC-DAD. The results obtained indicated that optimized EASE enhanced the liberation of antioxidant phenolics up to 3 folds on fresh weight basis (FW) as compared to conventional solvent extraction (CSE), with substantial level of total phenolics (173.70 mg GAE/g FW), TEAC 279.96 mg TE/g FW and DPPH radical scavenging ability (IC50) 112.27 mg/mL. Chlorogenic acid (115.60–1611.04), Vanillic acid (26.13–2317.01) and Sinapic acid (113.01–241.12 μg/g) were major phenolic acid found in EASEx of WMR. Overall, it was concluded that EASE might be efficient and green technique to revalorize under-utilized WMR into potent antioxidant phenolic for their further application in food and nutraceutical industries.

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Acknowledgments

This work was partially funded by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan under Ph.D. Indigenous Fellowship Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Muhammad Mushtaq, Bushra Sultana & Muhammad Asghar

  2. Institute of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA

    Muhammad Mushtaq

  3. Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Haq Nawaz Bhatti

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  1. Muhammad Mushtaq
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  2. Bushra Sultana
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  3. Haq Nawaz Bhatti
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  4. Muhammad Asghar
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Correspondence to Bushra Sultana.

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Mushtaq, M., Sultana, B., Bhatti, H.N. et al. RSM based optimized enzyme-assisted extraction of antioxidant phenolics from underutilized watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) rind. J Food Sci Technol 52, 5048–5056 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1562-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1562-9

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