Abstract
Moisture-resistant environmentally friendly starch-stabilized adhesive joints are obtained by modifying starch-stabilized polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) dispersion with special compounds like reactive N-methylol acrylamide (NMA) co-monomer. Here, the effect of the addition of NMA co-monomer in starch-stabilized PVAc-based wood adhesives on water resistance and heat stability were studied. The copolymers are then formulated with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, plasticizer, and preservatives. Compared with the traditional water-resistant wood adhesive, the water resistance of starch-stabilized PVAc-NMA emulsion polymer-based adhesive was similar like PVA stabilized PVAc-NMA emulsion-based adhesive. Glass transition temperatures and cross-linking behaviour of the polymer films were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC results showed a substantial increase in Tg, with the addition of starch in the copolymer emulsion which is also confirmed in film hardness testing. The cross-linking reaction between the amide group in the copolymer chains and the reaction between aluminium chloride with the hydroxyl group of starch and PVA results in a cross-linked structure and occurs rapidly at ambient temperature which is analysed through Fourier transform infrared. The performance of this starch-stabilized PVAc-NMA-based wood adhesive was evaluated in accordance with the EN 204–205 D3 standard by measuring the shear stress of wood joints underwater. The cross-linked adhesive with starch showed superior water resistance, mechanical properties, and stability, unlike PVA stabilized cross-linked wood adhesives.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Buléon A, Colonna P, Planchot V, Ball S (1998) Starch granules: structure and biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 23:85–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00040-3
Cui H-W, Fang Q, Du G-B (2014) Dynamic mechanical and thermal kinetics of polyvinyl acetate type emulsions from vinyl acetate, n -hydroxymethyl acrylamide, and montmorillonite. Adv Polym Technol 33:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21393
De Bruyn H, Sprong E, Gaborieau M et al (2007) Starch-graft-(synthetic copolymer) latexes initiated with Ce4+ and stabilized by amylopectin. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 45:4185–4192. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.22189
Dhawale PV, Vineeth SK, Gadhave RV, Mahanwar PA (2021) Cellulose stabilized polyvinyl acetate emulsion: review. Open J Org Polym Mater 11:51–66. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2021.112002
Dhawale PV, Vineeth SK, Gadhave RV et al (2022) Tannin as a renewable raw material for adhesive applications: a review. Mater Adv 3:3365–3388. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MA00841B
Gadhave RV, Mahanwar PA, Gadekar PT (2018) Starch stabilized polyvinyl acetate emulsion: review. Polym from Renew Resour 9:75–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/204124791800900203
Gadhave RV, Vineeth SK, Gadekar PT (2020) Cross-linking of polyvinyl alcohol/starch blends by glutaraldehyde sodium bisulfite for improvement in thermal and mechanical properties. J Mater Environ Sci 11:704–712
Gao Z, Zhang Y, Fang B et al (2015) The effects of thermal-acid treatment and crosslinking on the water resistance of soybean protein. Ind Crops Prod 74:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.026
Gonzalez GSM, Dimonie VL, Sudol ED et al (1996) Characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) during the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate using poly(vinyl alcohol) as emulsifier. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 34:849–862
Hemmilä V, Adamopoulos S, Karlsson O, Kumar A (2017) Development of sustainable bio-adhesives for engineered wood panels-a review. RSC Adv 7:38604–38630. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06598a
Jishnu NS, Vineeth SK, Das A, et al (2021) Electrospun PVdF and PVdF-co-HFP-based blend polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. In: Balakrishnan NTM, Prasanth R (eds) Electrospinning for advanced energy storage applications, 1st edn. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 201–234
Kaewtatip K, Tanrattanakul V (2008) Preparation of cassava starch grafted with polystyrene by suspension polymerization. Carbohydr Polym 73:647–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.01.006
Li Z, Wang J, Cheng L et al (2014) Improving the performance of starch-based wood adhesive by using sodium dodecyl sulfate. Carbohydr Polym 99:579–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.062
Lyu B, Zhang H, Gao D, Ma J (2022) Improving the property of castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane by polyhydroxy sapium sebiferum oil as crosslinking agent. Prog Org Coat 168:106893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.106893
Manzano VE, Kolender AA, Varela O (2017) Synthesis and applications of carbohydrate-based polyurethanes. Industrial applications of renewable biomass products. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1–43
Marinich JA, Ferrero C, Jiménez-Castellanos MR (2012) Graft copolymers of ethyl methacrylate on waxy maize starch derivatives as novel excipients for matrix tablets: drug release and fronts movement kinetics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 80:674–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.12.005
Meshram MW, Patil VV, Mhaske ST, Thorat BN (2009) Graft copolymers of starch and its application in textiles. Carbohydr Polym 75:71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.06.012
Nakamae M, Yuki K, Sato T, Maruyama H (1999) Preparation of polymer emulsions using a poly(vinyl alcohol) as protective colloid. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 153:367–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00458-0
Negim ES, Irmukhametova GS, Bekbayeva L et al (2018) The effect of poly vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate crosslinking agent on mechanical properties of acrylic primer for concrete substrate application. Orient J Chem 34:234–239
Parvathy PC, Jyothi AN (2012) Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviour of superabsorbent polymers from cassava starch-graft-poly(acrylamide). Starch-Stärke 64:207–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201100077
Qiao L, Coveny PK, Easteal AJ (2002) Modifications of poly (vinyl alcohol) for use in poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion wood adhesives. Pigment Resin Technol 31:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/03699420210420378
Salvini A, Saija LM, Finocchiaro S et al (2009) A new methodology in the study of PVAc-based adhesive formulations. J Appl Polym Sci 114:3841–3854. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.31032
Samaha SH, Nasr HE, Hebeish A (2005) Synthesis and characterization of starch-poly (vinyl acetate) graft copolymers and their saponified form. J Polym Res 12:343–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-004-7937-2
Vineeth SK, Gadhave RV, Gadekar PT (2022a) Investigation of crosslinking ability of sodium metabisulphite with polyvinyl alcohol–corn starch blend and its applicability as wood adhesive. Indian Chem Eng 64:197–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2021.1887769
Vineeth SK, Gadhave RV, Gadekar PT (2019a) Nanocellulose applications in wood adhesives—review. Open J Polym Chem 09:63–75. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94006
Vineeth SK, Gadhave RV, Gadekar PT (2022b) Polyvinyl alcohol–cellulose blend wood adhesive modified by citric acid and its effect on physical, thermal, mechanical and performance properties. Polym Bull. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04439-0
Vineeth SK, Gadhave RV, Gadekar PT (2019b) Chemical modification of nanocellulose in wood adhesive: review. Open J Polym Chem 09:86–99. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94008
Wang Z, Gu Z, Li Z et al (2013) Effects of emulsifier on the bonding performance and freeze-thaw stability of starch-based wood adhesive. Cellulose 20:2583–2590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9984-5
Xiao C, Lu D, Xu S, Huang L (2011) Tunable synthesis of starch-poly (vinyl acetate) bioconjugate. Starch-Stärke 63:209–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201000128
Zhang J, Kasuya K, Takemura A et al (2013) Properties and enzymatic degradation of poly (acrylic acid) grafted polyhydroxyalkanoate films by plasma-initiated polymerization. Polym Degrad Stab 98:1458–1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.04.010
Zhang Y, Ding L, Gu J et al (2015) Preparation and properties of a starch-based wood adhesive with high bonding strength and water resistance. Carbohydr Polym 115:32–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.063
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gadhave, R.V. Synthesis and characterization of starch-stabilized polyvinyl acetate-N-methylol acrylamide polymer-based wood adhesive. J Indian Acad Wood Sci 20, 51–61 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-023-00312-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-023-00312-3