Abstract
Context
The therapeutic role of D2 lymphadenectomy in the management of gastric cancer is an ongoing controversy.
Aims
To examine the morbidity and oncological outcomes of D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer patients treated in a stand-alone cancer center in rural India and to compare it with international data.
Settings and Design
Retrospective study on patients treated for gastric cancer from June 2009 to December 2014.
Methods and Material
All patients underwent subtotal or total gastrectomy with modified D2 lymph node dissection preserving spleen and pancreas. The Clavien-Dindo model was used to stratify the severity of morbidity.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics was used for data exploration. Chi-square test was used to compare the association of various factors with survival. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rates (RFS and DFS). Log-rank test was used to compare the survival of different subgroups.
Results
Fifty-four patients (41 males and 13 females) were included in the study. Four (7.4%) patients had significant postoperative morbidity. The 5-year OS and DFS respectively were 34.9% and 37.6%. Female sex was associated with poorer survival. Lymph node ratio of more than 0.2 and advanced stage at presentation showed strong tendency towards lower OS and DFS.
Conclusions
An R0 resection with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer carries acceptable morbidity and mortality in Indian patients with survival rates comparable with the western studies. Lymph node ratio more than 0.2 and female gender and advanced stage were associated with poorer oncological outcomes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
World Health Organization. Cancer: Fact Sheet No 297. WHO. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/
Globocon 2012 (IARC), Section of cancer surveillance (28/12/2016) Stomach cancer estimated incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012
Indian Council of Medical Research. Consensus document for management of gastric cancer 2014, chapter1; pp.1
Bonenkamp J, Songun I, Hermans J, Sasako M, Welvaart K, Plukker JT, van Elk P, Obertop H, Gouma DJ, Taat CW (1995) Randomized comparison of morbidity after D1 and D2 dissection for gastric cancer in 996 Dutch patients. Lancet 345(8952):745–748
Cuschieri A, Fayers P, Fielding J, Craven J, Bancewicz J, Joypaul V, Cook P (1996) Postoperative morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: preliminary results of the MRC randomised controlled surgical trial. Lancet 347(9007):995–999
Kavaliauskas P, Maziukas R, Samalavicius NE, Kuliavas J, Lunevicius R (2016) Subtotal gastrectomy with conventional D2 lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the distal gastric portion: a retrospective cohort study on clinical outcome. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 6:36–41
Roviello F, Marrelli D, Morgagni P, de Manzoni G, di Leo A, Vindigni C, Saragoni L, Tomezzoli A, Kurihara H, Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer (2002) Survival benefit of extended D2 lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer with involvement of second level lymph nodes: a longitudinal multicenter study. Ann Surg Oncol 9(9):894–900
Biffi R, Chiappa A, Luca F et al (2006) Extended lymph node dissection without routine spleno-pancreatectomy for treatment of gastric cancer: low morbidity and mortality rates in a single centre series of 250 patients. J Surg Oncol 93(5):394–400
Maruyama K, Okabayashi K, Kinoshita T (1987) Progress in gastric cancer surgery in Japan and its limits of radicality. World J Surg 11:418–425
Noguchi M, Miyazakit I (1996) Prognostic significance and surgical management of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 83:156–161
Park DJ, Lee HJ, Kim HH et al (2005) Predictors of operative morbidity and mortality in gastric cancer surgery. Br J Surg 92:1099–1102
Hartgritik HH, Van de Velde CJH, Putter H et al (2004) Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch Gastric Cancer Group trial. J Clin Oncol 22(11):2069–2077
Bunt AMG, Hermans J, Boon MC, van de Velde C, Sasako M, Fleuren GJ, Bruijn JA (1994) Evaluation of the extent of lymphadenectomy in a randomized trial of Western- versus Japanese-type surgery in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 12(2):417–422
Songun I, Putter H, Kranenbarg EMK, Sasako M, Van de Velde CJH (2010) Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial. Lancet Oncol 11(5):439–449
Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fielding J, Bancewicz J, Craven J, Joypaul V, Sydes M, Fayers P (1999) Patient survival after D1 and D2 dissections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial surgical cooperative group. Br J Cancer 79:1522–1530
Reis E, Kama NA, Doganay M, Atli M, Dolapci M (2002) Long-term survival is improved by an extended lymph node dissection in potentially curable gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 49:1167–1171
Brennan MF (2005) Current status of surgery for gastric cancer: a review. Gastric Cancer 8:64–70
Degiuli M, Sasako M, Calgaro M, Garino M, Rebecchi F, Mineccia M, Scaglione D, Andreone D, Ponti A, Calvo F, Italian Gastric Cancer Study Group (2004) Morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 gastrectomy for cancer: interim analysis of the Italian Gastric Cancer Study Group (IGCSG) randomised surgical trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 30:303–308
Degiuli M, Sasako M, Ponti A, Vendrame A, Tomatis M, Mazza C, Borasi A, Capussotti L, Fronda G, Morino M, Italian Gastric Cancer Study Group (2014) Randomized clinical trial comparing survival after D1 or D2 gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 101(2):23–31
Mocellin S, McCulloch P, Kazi H, Gama-Rodrigues JJ, Yuan Y, Nitti D (2015) Extent of lymph node dissection for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8. Art. No.:CD001964. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001964.pub4
Memon MA, Subramanya MS, Khan S, Hossain MB, Osland E, Memon B (2011) Meta-analysis of D1 versus D2 gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 253:900–911
Strong VE, Song KY, Park CH et al (2010) Comparison of gastric cancer survival following R0 resection in the United States and Korea using an internationally validated nomogram. Ann Surg 251:640–646
Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Nishimura M, Kosuga T, Okamoto K, Konishi H, Shiozaki A, Fujiwara H, Otsuji E (2017) Evaluation of prognostic value and stage migration effect using positive lymph node ratio in gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 43:203–209
Melis M, Masi A, Pinna A, Cohen S, Hatzaras I, Berman R, Pachter LH, Newman E (2015) Does lymph node ratio affect prognosis in gastroesophageal cancer? Am J Surg 210:443–450
De Angelis R, Sant M, Coleman MP et al (2014) Cancer survival in Europe 1999-2007 by country and age: results of EUROCARE-5 a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 15:23–34
Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Bishop K, Kosary CL, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2014, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2017
Wu CW, Hsiung CA, Lo SS, Hsieh MC, Shia LT, Whang-Peng J (2004) Randomized clinical trial of morbidity after D1 and D3 surgery for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 91(3):283–287
Shrikhande SV, Shukla PJ, Qureshi S, Siddachari R, Upasani V, Ramadwar M, Kakade AC, Hawaldar R (2006) D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer in Tata Memorial Hospital: Indian data can now be incorporated in future international trials. Dig Surg 23:192–197
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Nizamudheen Mangalasseri Pareekutty: concept, study design, write up
Sachin Kadam: data collection, write up
Basavaraj Ankalkoti: data collection, contributed to study
Satheesan Balasubramanian: Concept, supervised the project, editing
Bindu Anilkumar: statistical analysis
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Statement by all authors
We hereby affirm that the manuscript is the original work of the above-mentioned authors and has been read and approved by all. The authorship criteria as mentioned above have been met. We hereby agree to transfer the publication right to the Journal.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pareekutty, N.M., Kadam, S., Ankalkoti, B. et al. Gastrectomy with D2 Lymphadenectomy for Carcinoma of the Stomach in a Stand-alone Cancer Centre in Rural India. Indian J Surg Oncol 11, 256–262 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-020-01059-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-020-01059-w