Abstract
Cystoscopy (CS) is considered to be the gold standard in the follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, CS is invasive, time-consuming, and expensive. On the other hand, modern sensitive transducers have improved the imaging of urinary tract rendering transabdominal ultrasonography (US) more effective in visualizing intraluminal filling defects in the bladder than it was in the past. Twenty-five follow-up patients of low-risk bladder cancer meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in study. Ultrasonography of the bladder was performed by a single senior radiologist, and subsequently, these patients were subjected to flexible cystoscopy under local anesthesia. Pain score was calculated for each of the cystoscopies done. Findings of transabdominal ultrasound of the bladder were correlated and compared with those of cystoscopy. Subjects with US and/or CS findings suggestive of recurrence underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) under general anesthesia and confirmation of the bladder carcinoma was achieved by the histopathological examination. Mean patient age was 60.56 years with range of 29 to 77 years. The sensitivity of modern ultrasonographic techniques was found to be 84.61% with specificity of 91.7% taking flexible cystoscopy as the gold standard for detection of recurrence. The accuracy of US was 88% with positive predictive value of 91.7% and negative predictive value of 84.61%. Technological evolution has improved the accuracy of ultrasonography in diagnosis of bladder carcinoma. It represents a valuable surveillance tool in selected sub group of low risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yamada T, Tsuchiya T, Kamei S (2006) Analysis of factors affecting recurrence and prognosis of superficial bladder cancer-study of 800 patients. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 97:33–41
Falke J, Witjes JA (2011) Contemporary management of low-risk bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 8:42–49
Shelley MD, Mason MD, Kynaston H (2010) Intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer: a systematic review of randomized trials and meta-analyses. Cancer Treat Rev 36:195–205
Fenlon H, Bell T, Ahari H, Hussain S (1997) Virtual cystoscopy. Early clinical experience. Radiology 250:272–274
Abu-Yousef MM, Narayan AS, Franken EA, Brown RC (1984) Urinary bladder tumors studied by cystosonography. Part I: Detection Radiology 153:223–226
Viswanath S, Zelhof B, Ho E, Sethia K, Mills R (2008) Is routine urine cytology useful in the haematuria clinic? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 9:153–155
Pegoraro C, Bondavalli C, Molani L (1997) Suprapubic bladder ultrasonography and urinary cytology: indications and limits in the follow-up of superficial bladder tumors. Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl 63:127–129
Vera-Donoso CD, Llopis B, Oliver F, Server G, Alonso M, Jimenez-Cruz JF (1990) Follow-up of superficial bladder cancer: how to spare cystoscopies? Eur Urol 17:17–19
Almallah YZ, Rennie CD, Stone J, Lancashire MJR (2000) Urinary tract infection and patient satisfaction after flexible cystoscopy and urodynamic evaluation. Urology 56:37–39
Konstantinos S, Hippocrates M, Marina P, Georgios P, Skolarikos A (2011) Accuracy of modern ultrasonographic techniques in the follow up of patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. Medical Ultrasonography 13:114–119
Babjuk M, Oosterlinck W, Sylvester R, Kaasinen E, Böhle A, Palou-Redorta J (2008) EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 54:303–314
Gossel C, Knispel HH, Miller K, Klan R (1997) Is routine excretory urography necessary at first diagnosis of bladder carcinoma? J Urol 157:480–481
Herranz-Amo F, Diez-Cordero JM, Verdu-Tartajo F, Bueno-Chomon G, Leal-Hernandez F, Bielsa-Carrillo A (1999) Need for intravenous urography in patients with primary transitional carcinoma of the bladder? Eur Urol 36:221–224
Malone PR, Weston-Underwood J, Aron PM, Wilkinson KW, Joseph AE, Riddle PR (1986) The use of transabdominal ultrasound in the detection of early bladder tumors. Br J Urol 58:520–522
Ozden E, Turgut AT, Turkolmez K, Resorlu B, Safak M (2007) Effect of bladder carcinoma location on detection rates by ultrasonography and computed tomography. Urology 69:889–892
Itzchak Y, Singer D, Fischelovitch Y (1981) Ultrasonographic assessment of bladder tumors. I Tumor detection J Urol 26:31–33
Mariappan P, Smith G (2005) A surveillance schedule for G1Ta bladder cancer allowing efficient use of check cystoscopy and safe discharge at 5 years based on 25-year prospective database. J Urol 173:1008–1011
Cronan JJ, Simenoe JF, Pfister RC, Newhouse JH, Ferrucci JT Jr (1982) Cystosonography in the detection of bladder tumours: a prospective and retrospective study. J Ultrasound Med 1:237–241
Vallancien G, Veillon B, Charton M, Brisste JM (1986) Can transabdominal ultrasonography of the bladder replace cystoscopy in the follow up of superficial bladder tumours. J Urol 136:32–34
Rousseau MC, Straif K, Siemiatycki J (2005) IARC carcinogen update. Environ Health Perspect 113:A580–A581
Boccon-Gibod I, Le Portz B, Godefroy D, Steg A (1985) Suprapubic ultrasonographic in follow up of superficial bladder tumours. Eur Urol 11:317–319
Deborah S, Lillian JH, Farhang R, Peter BB, Harry H, Colin BB (2003) Adherence to surveillance among patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:588–597
Raitanen MP, Leppilahti M, Tuhkanen K, Forssel T, Nylund P, Tammela T et al (2001) Routine follow-up cystoscopy in detection of recurrence in patients being monitored for bladder cancer. Ann Chir Gynaecol 90:261–265
Racioppi MA, Cappa EM, D'Agostino DA, Filianoti AL, Pugliese DA, Cadeddu CH et al (2013) Size of bladder cancers: correlation among different types of measurement. Urol Int 90:191–194
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Sources of Support
Nil.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Puneet, A., Balagopal, N., Ginil, K. et al. Correlation of Transabdominal Ultrasonography and Cystoscopy in Follow-up of Patients with Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 8, 548–553 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-017-0678-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-017-0678-6