Abstract
Introduction
Bisexuality is a more frequent and vulnerable sexual orientation than homosexuality. Yet it has received considerably less attention, resulting in the limited availability of valid measures to detect negative attitudes toward bisexual individuals, even in countries where social rights are notably promoted. This study aims to provide validation of a Spanish version of the Gender-Specific Binegativity Scale and propose a brief version to assess binegativity toward bisexual women and men separately.
Methods
In 2019, 495 university students completed the women’s and men’s subscales for the Gender-Specific Binegativity Scale and other measures (social dominance orientation, homonegativity, ambivalent sexism, social desirability) for external validity.
Results
Exploratory factor analysis supported the one-factor solution of the original 30-item measure. However, confirmatory factor analysis indicated a poor model fit for this version but a satisfactory fit for an 8-item version with parallel items for both subscales. Reliability and external validity were confirmed for both subscales in both versions. Bisexual men were rated more negatively than bisexual women, and men rated bisexual women and men more negatively than women.
Conclusions
The results support a validation of the Gender-Specific Binegativity Scale in Spanish. Moreover, the proposed brief version appears more psychometrically sound and efficient, facilitating its use in research and applied contexts.
Policy Implications
Only valid and efficient tools allow for a confident assessment of current attitudes toward minorities. This is the first step to understanding attitudes particular societies might hold, which is essential for the development of coherent policies and competent assessment of social interventions.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Katie McKeown, Patricia Ferrer-Jiménez, and Berta Martín-Riaza for their assistance in translating the original scale.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Rosario Castillo-Mayén, Francisco García-Torres, Sandra Santiago-Sillero and Laura Onieva-Castón. Formal analysis and interpretation of data were performed by Rosario Castillo-Mayén, Francisco García-Torres, Sebastián Vivas, Carmen Tabernero and Bárbara Luque. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sebastián Vivas and Rosario Castillo-Mayén. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This study was performed in line with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Cordoba (Spain) granted approval retrospectively (Date 20/04/2020, No n/a).
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Appendix: Spanish version of the Gender-Specific Binegativity Scale, women and men subscales
Appendix: Spanish version of the Gender-Specific Binegativity Scale, women and men subscales
Por favor, rodee con un círculo para indicar el grado en que está de acuerdo o en desacuerdo con cada una de las siguientes frases sobre las mujeres bisexuales (los hombres bisexualesb). Utilice la siguiente escala: (1) muy en desacuerdo, (2) en desacuerdo, (3) algo en desacuerdo, (4) algo de acuerdo, (5) de acuerdo y (6) muy de acuerdo.
Items GSBS-women | Items GSBS-men |
|---|---|
1. No me gustan las mujeres bisexuales | 1. No me gustan los hombres bisexuales |
2. Pienso que la bisexualidad es mala | 2. Pienso que la bisexualidad es mala |
3. Me gustaría tener una mujer bisexual como vecina | 3. Me gustaría tener un hombre bisexual como vecino |
4. Podría ser amigo/a de una mujer bisexual | 4. Podría ser amigo/a de un hombre bisexual |
5. Me siento cómodo/a rodeado/a de mujeres bisexuales | 5. Me siento cómodo/a rodeado/a de hombres bisexuales |
6. Discrimino a las mujeres bisexuales | 6. Discrimino a los hombres bisexuales |
7. Golpearía a una mujer bisexual si se me insinuara | 7. Golpearía a un hombre bisexual si se me insinuara |
8. Las mujeres bisexuales propagan el SIDA a la población heterosexuala | 8. Los hombres bisexuales propagan el SIDA a la población heterosexuala |
9. Las mujeres bisexuales me ponen nervioso/aa | 9. Los hombres bisexuales me ponen nervioso/aa |
10. Las mujeres bisexuales merecen ser discriminadas | 10. Los hombres bisexuales merecen ser discriminados |
11. La bisexualidad es aceptable para mí | 11. La bisexualidad es aceptable para mí |
12. Pienso que las mujeres bisexuales no deben trabajar con niños/asa | 12. Pienso que los hombres bisexuales no deben trabajar con niños/asa |
13. Hago comentarios despectivos sobre mujeres bisexualesa | 13. Hago comentarios despectivos sobre hombres bisexualesa |
14. Las mujeres bisexuales no deberían casarsea | 14. Los hombres bisexuales no deberían casarsea |
15. Las mujeres bisexuales no son capaces de tener relaciones monógamas | 15. Los hombres bisexuales no son capaces de tener relaciones monógamas |
16. Estaría cómodo/a teniendo una mujer bisexual como compañera de piso | 16. Estaría cómodo/a teniendo un hombre bisexual como compañero de piso |
17. Hago burlas y bromeo sobre las mujeres bisexuales | 17. Hago burlas y bromeo sobre los hombres bisexuales |
18. No puedes confiar en una mujer que es bisexual | 18. No puedes confiar en un hombre que es bisexual |
19. Me enfadaría si una mujer bisexual me hiciese insinuaciones sexuales | 19. Me enfadaría si un hombre bisexual me hiciese insinuaciones sexuales |
20. Pienso que podría trabajar con una mujer bisexual | 20. Pienso que podría trabajar con un hombre bisexual |
21. Me encuentro inquieto/a cuando tengo que interactuar con mujeres bisexuales | 21. Me encuentro inquieto/a cuando tengo que interactuar con hombres bisexuales |
22. Evito a mujeres bisexualesa | 22. Evito a hombres bisexualesa |
23. Cuando conozco a una mujer bisexual, pienso “qué desperdicio” | 23. Cuando conozco a un hombre bisexual, pienso “qué desperdicio” |
24. Tengo relaciones inestables con mujeres que sospecho que son bisexuales | 24. Tengo relaciones inestables con hombres que sospecho que son bisexuales |
25. Las mujeres bisexuales quieren tener sexo con todo el mundo | 25. Los hombres bisexuales quieren tener sexo con todo el mundo |
26. Las mujeres bisexuales no son capaces de controlar sus impulsos sexuales | 26. Los hombres bisexuales no son capaces de controlar sus impulsos sexuales |
27. Me incomoda estar alrededor de mujeres bisexualesa | 27. Me incomoda estar alrededor de hombres bisexualesa |
28. No iría a un lugar público en el que supiera que podría haber mujeres bisexualesa | 28. No iría a un lugar público en el que supiera que podría haber hombres bisexualesa |
29. No me importaría que mis amigas fuesen bisexuales | 29. No me importaría que mis amigos fuesen bisexuales |
30. No querría hablar con una mujer que supiera que es bisexual | 30. No querría hablar con un hombre que supiera que es bisexual |
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Castillo-Mayén, R., Vivas, S., García-Torres, F. et al. The Gender-Specific Binegativity Scale: Validation in a Spanish Sample of University Students and Proposal of a Brief Version. Sex Res Soc Policy 21, 279–296 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00912-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00912-1