Abstract
Introduction
The intergroup contact variable has been widely studied in the literature, and it has been shown to be closely related to less prejudice. The present article analyzes the role of an affective mediator in the relationship between the degree of contact-rejection of the outgroup (same-sex parents) variables, linked to the variable quality of contact or satisfaction with contact with people with a homosexual sexual orientation.
Methods
The sample is composed of 401 Spanish university students (67 males, 16.2%, and 347 females, 83.8%) with a mean age of 21 years (SD = 3.20). The data collection took place between November 2016 and March 2017.
Results
The results show a complete mediation effect in the case of open or traditional prejudice (individual opposition), and partial mediation when analyzing modern or subtle rejection of same-sex parents (normative opposition).
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that efforts to reduce the rejection of same-sex parents must take into account the individual’s positive evaluation of the contact because it is a mechanism that mediates the relationship between degree of contact and rejection.
Social policy implications
Homophobia intervention programs must consider the intergroup contact variable, taking into account that it is also necessary to act on positive emotions and affectivity toward relationships with people with a homosexual sexual orientation. Increasing positive contact with same-sex parents could be a key element in reducing rejection toward the effects of their child-rearing on their children.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamczyk, A., & Liao, Y.-C. (2019). Examining public opinion about LGBTQ-related issues in the United States and across multiple nations. Annual Review of Sociology, 45, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022332.
Allen, L. (2019): Bearing witness: Straight students talk about homophobia at school. Sex Education, Published online: 18 Feb 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2019.1581604
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
Anderssen, N. (2002). Does contact with lesbians and gays lead to friendlier attitudes? A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12, 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.665.
Badenes-Ribera, L., Frias-Navarro, D., Settanni, M., & Longobardi, C. (2019). Validation of the Beliefs about Children’s Adjustment in Same-Sex Families Scale in Italian university students. Journal of Homosexuality, Published online: 13 May 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1607685.
Baiocco, R., Rosati, F., Pistella, J., Salvati, M., Carone, N., Ioverno, S., & Laghi, F. (2019). Attitudes and beliefs of Italian educators and teachers regarding children raised by same-sex parents. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-019-00386-0.
Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., & Hornsey, M. J. (2012). The contact caveat: Negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1629–1643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212457953.
Barragán, V., Berenzon-Gorn, S., García-De la Torre, G. S., & Lara-Muñoz, M. C. (2016). Attitudes towards homoparentality: Psychometric validation of two scales in a sample of Mexican students. Revista MedUNAB, 19, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.2362.
Barrientos, J., Cárdenas, M., Gómez, F., & Frias-Navarro, D. (2013). Assessing the dimensionality of beliefs about children’s adjustment in same-sex families scale (BCASSFS) in Chile. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 10, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-012-0107-0.
Barron, J. M., Struckman-Johnson, C., Quevillon, R., & Banka, S. R. (2008). Heterosexual men’s attitudes toward gay men: A hierarchical model including masculinity, openness, and theoretical explanations. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 9, 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.9.3.154.
Beelmann, A., & Heinemann, K. S. (2014). Preventing prejudice and improving intergroup attitudes: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent training programs. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35, 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2013.11.002.
Blair, I. V., Park, B., & Bachelor, J. (2003). Understanding intergroup anxiety: Are some people more anxious than others? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6, 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006002002.
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.80.2.253.
Brian, M. J., & Glasford, D. E. (2018). Intergroup contact and helping: How quality contact and empathy shape outgroup helping. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21, 1185–1201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217711770.
Brown, M. J., & Henriquez, E. (2008). Socio-demographic predictors of attitudes towards gays and lesbians. Individual Differences Research, 6, 193–202.
Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 255–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37005-5.
Cardenas, M., Barrientos, J., Gomez, F., & Frias-Navarro, D. (2012). Attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and their relationship with gender role beliefs in a sample of Chilean university students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 24, 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2012.700687.
Clarke, V. (2001). What about the children? Arguments against lesbian and gay parenting. Women’s Studies International Forum, 24, 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00193-5.
Costa, A. B., Bandeira, D. R., & Nardi, H. C. (2013). Systematic review of instruments measuring homophobia and related constructs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 1324–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12140.
Costa, P. A., Caldeira, S., Fernandes, I., Rita, C., Pereira, H., & Leal, I. (2014). Religious and political conservatism and beliefs about same-sex parenting in Portugal. Psychology, Community & Health, 3, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.5964/pch.v3i1.94.
Costa, P. A., Carneiro, F. A., Esposito, F., D’Amore, S., & Green, R. J. (2018). Sexual prejudice in Portugal: Results from the first wave European study on heterosexual’s attitudes toward same-gender marriage and parenting. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0292-y.
Costa, P. A., Pereira, H., & Leal, I. (2015). “The contact hypothesis” and attitudes toward same-sex parenting. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 12, 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-014-0171-8.
Costa, P. A., Pereira, H., & Leal, I. (2019). Through the lens of sexual stigma: Attitudes toward lesbian and gay parenting. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 15, 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2017.1413474.
Crawford, I., McLeod, A., Zamboni, B. D., & Jordan, M. B. (1999). Psychologists’ attitudes toward gay and lesbian parenting. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.30.4.394.
Dasgupta, N., & Rivera, L. M. (2008). When social context matters: The influence of long-term contact and short-term exposure to admired outgroup members on implicit attitudes and behavioral intentions. Social Cognition, 26, 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2008.26.1.112.
Davies, K., Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411103.
Davies, M. (2004). Correlates of negative attitudes toward gay men: Sexism, male role norms, and male sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552233.
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Kawakami, K. (2003). Intergroup contact: The past, present and future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001009.
European Commission (2006). Standard Eurobarometer 66 Public opinion in the European Union. First results. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb66/eb66_en.pdf.
Fan, X., & Sivo, S. A. (2005). Sensitivity of fit indexes to misspecified structural or measurement model components: Rationale of two-index strategy revisited. Structural Equation Models, 12, 343–367. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1203_1.
Frias-Navarro, D. (2009). Beliefs About Children’s Adjustment in Same-Sex Families Scale (BCASSFS). [Database record]. University of Valencia, Spain. Retrieved from PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t40229-000.
Frias-Navarro, D., Badenes-Ribera, L., & Monterde-i-Bort, H. (2017). Evidence of validity of the Beliefs About Children’s Adjustment in Same-Sex Families Scale. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 14, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-016-0246-9.
Frias-Navarro, D., Garcia, L., Garcia-Banda, G., Pascual-Soler, M., & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2018). Attitudinal change toward same-sex parents: The effect of the explanation of the etiology of the homosexual sexual orientation. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 5, 516–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0313-x.
Frias-Navarro, D., & Monterde-i-Bort, H. (2012). A scale on beliefs about children’s adjustment in same-sex families: Reliability and validity. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 1273–1288. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.720505.
Frias-Navarro, D., Monterde-i-Bort, H., Barrientos-Delgado, J., Badenes-Ribera, L., & Cardenas-Castro, M. (2014). Beliefs about Children’s Adjustment in Same-Sex Families: Spanish and Chilean University Students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.5.
Frias-Navarro, D., Monterde-i-Bort, H., Pascual-Soler, M., & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2015). Etiology of homosexuality and attitudes toward same-sex parenting: A randomized study. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.802757.
Frias-Navarro, D., Pascual-Soler, M., Navarro-Gonzalez, N., & Monterde-i-Bort, H. (2018). Scale of Contact with the Outgroup: Degree of Contact and Satisfaction with Contact (CONTACT-2). Spain: University of Valencia.
EOS Gallup (2003). Homosexual marriage, child adoption by homosexual couples: Is the public ready? Retrieved from https://www.rklambda.at/archiv/dokumente/news_2003/News-PA-031015-Gallup-Umfrage-Text.pdf.
Gato, J., Fontaine, A. M., & Carneiro, N. S. (2012). Multidimensional Scale of Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men: Construction and preliminary validation. Paidéia, 22, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-863X2012000100003.
Giner-Sorolla, R., Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2007). Special issue on intergroup emotions: Introduction. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10, 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206071661.
Haider-Markel, D. P., & Joslyn, M. R. (2008). Beliefs about the origins of homosexuality and support for gay rights: An empirical test of attribution theory. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72, 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfn015.
Heinze, J. E., & Horn, S. S. (2009). The effects of contact on sexual prejudice: A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 38, 937–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9627-3.
Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1996). “Some of my best friends”: Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296224007.
Herek, G. M., & Glunt, E. K. (1993). Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 30, 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551707.
Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143826.
Hodson, G., Hewstone, M., & Swart, H. (2013). Advances in intergroup contact: Epilogue and future directions. In G. Hodson & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Advances in intergroup contact (pp. 262–305). London, UK: Psychology Press.
Hoffarth, M. R., & Hodson, G. (2016). Who needs imagined contact? Replication attempts examining previous contact as a potential moderator. Social Psychology, 47, 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000258.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Ioverno, S., Baiocco, R., Lingiardi, V., Verrastro, V., D’Amore, S., & Green, R.-J. (2019). Attitudes towards same-sex parenting in Italy: the influence of traditional gender ideology. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21, 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1459846.
Ioverno, S., Carone, N., Lingiardi, V., Nardelli, N., Pagone, P., Pistella, J., et al. (2018). Assessing prejudice toward two-father parenting and two-mother parenting: The Beliefs on Same Sex Parenting Scale. Journal of Sex Research, 55, 654–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1348460.
Islam, M. R., & Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 700–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293196005.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8 User's reference guide (2nd ed.). Chicago: Scientific Software International.
Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44, 486–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Kreitzer, R. J., Hamilton, A. J., & Tolbert, C. J. (2014). Does policy adoption change opinions on minority rights? The effects of legalizing same-sex marriage. Political Research Quarterly, 67, 795–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912914540483.
Lee, H. Y., & Mutz, D. C. (2018). Changing attitudes toward same-sex marriage: A three-wave panel study. Political Behavior, 1-22, First Online, 41(19 May 2018), 701–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9463-7.
Lemmer, G., & Wagner, U. (2015). Can we really reduce ethnic prejudice outside the lab? A meta-analysis of direct and indirect contact interventions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2079.
Lewis, G. B. (2011). The friends and family plan: Contact with gays and support for gay rights. Policy Studies Journal, 39, 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00405.x.
MacInnis, C. C., Page-Gould, E., & Hodson, G. (2017). Multilevel intergroup contact and anti-gay prejudice (explicit and implicit): Evidence of contextual contact benefits in a less visible group domain. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8, 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616671405.
Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.4.602.
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cut-off values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralization Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2.
McCray, J. A., King, A. R., & Bailly, M. D. (2005). General and gender specific attributes of the psychology major. Journal of General Psychology, 132, 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9887-1.
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674.
Miles, E., & Crisp, R. J. (2014). A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17, 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213510573.
Miller, D. A., Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2004). Effects of intergroup contact and political predispositions on prejudice: Role of intergroup emotions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 7, 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430204046109.
Moliner-Miravet, L., Francisco-Amat, A., & Aguirre-Garcia, A. (2018). Teenage attitudes towards sexual diversity in Spain. Sex Education-Sexuality Society and Learning, 18, 689–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2018.1463213.
Monterde-i-Bort, H., Pascual-Llobell, J., & Frias-Navarro, D. (2006). Interpretation mistakes in statistical methods: Their importance and some recommendations. Psicothema, 18, 848–856.
National Agency of Quality Assessment and Accreditation (2005). Libro Blanco. Título de Grado en Psicología. Available in: shorturl.at/divN9
National Institute of Statistics (2019). Profesionales sanitarios colegiados, 2018. Available in: http://www.ine.es/prensa/epsc_2018.pdf
Operario, D., Gamarel, K. E., Grin, B. M., Lee, J. H., Kahler, C. W., Marshall, B. D. L., van den Berg, J. J., Zaller, N. D., & N. D. (2015). Sexual minority health disparities in adult men and women in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2010. American Journal of Public Health, 105, e27–e34. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302762.
Overby, L. M., & Barth, J. (2002). Contact, community context, and public attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Polity, 34, 433–456. https://doi.org/10.1086/POLv34n4ms3235412.
Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 770–786. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203262848.
Pascual-Soler, M., Frias-Navarro, D., Barrientos-Delgado, J., Badenes-Ribera, L., Monterde-i-Bort, H., Cardenas-Castro, M., & Berrios-Riquelme, J. (2017). Factorial invariance of the Scale Beliefs About Children’s Adjustment in Same-Sex Families in Spanish, Chilean, and Hispanic university students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 39, 238–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986317701164.
Pérez, J. F. G., Navarro, D. F., & Llobell, J. P. (1999). Statistical power of Solomon design. Psicothema, 11, 431–436.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65.
Pettigrew, T. F. (2009). Secondary transfer effect of contact do intergroup contact effects spread to noncontacted outgroups? Social Psychology, 40, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.55.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Metaanalytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 922–934. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.504.
Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2011). Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001.
Pew Research Center (2013). The global divide on homosexuality. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/
Pew Research Center (2017). Support for Same-Sex Marriage Grows, Even Among Groups That Had Been Skeptical. Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2017/06/26/support-for-same-sex-marriage-grows-even-among-groups-that-had-been-skeptical/
Pichardo, J. I. (2011). We are family (or not): Social and legal recognition of same-sex relationships and lesbian and gay families in Spain. Sexualities, 14, 544–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711415217.
Pistella, J., Tanzilli, A., Ioverno, S., Lingiardi, V., & Baiocco. (2018). Sexism and attitudes toward same-sex parenting in a sample of heterosexuals and sexual minorities: the mediation effect of sexual stigma. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15, 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0284-y.
Pittinsky, T. L., Rosenthal, S. A., & Montoya, R. M. (2011a). Measuring positive attitudes toward outgroups: Development and validation of the Allophilia Scale. In L. Tropp & R. Mallett (Eds.), Beyond prejudice reduction: Pathways to positive intergroup relations (pp. 41–60). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Pittinsky, T. L., Rosenthal, S. A., & Montoya, R. M. (2011b). Liking is not the opposite of disliking: The functional separability of positive and negative attitudes toward minority groups. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023806.
Plant, A. E., & Devine, P. G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 790–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006011.
Rampullo, A., Castiglione, C., Licciardello, O., & Scolla, V. (2013). Prejudice toward gay men and lesbians in relations to cross-group friendship and gender. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 308–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.557.
Ray, D. L., Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2012). Discrete emotions mediate and elucidate the effects of crossed-categorization on prejudice: Examples from American politics, sexual prejudice, and the laboratory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.011.
Redman, S. M. (2018). Effects of same-sex legislation on attitudes toward homosexuality. Political Research Quarterly, 71, 628–641, First Online 19 May 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917753077.
Rollè, L., Chinaglia, L., Curti, L., Magliano, A., Trombetta, T., Caldarera, A. M., Brustia, P., & Gerino, E. (2018). Attitudes of Italian group toward homosexuality and same-sex parenting. Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy Research, 5, 10–25.
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–36.
Salvati, M., Ioverno, S., Giacomantonio, M., & Baiocco, R. (2016). Attitude toward gay men in an Italian sample: Masculinity and sexual orientation make a difference. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-016-0218-0.
Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2006). Can one TV show make a difference? Will & grace and the parasocial contact hypothesis. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v51n04_02.
Seger, C. R., Banerji, I., Park, S. H., Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2017). Specific emotions as mediators of the effect of intergroup contact on prejudice: findings across multiple participant and target groups. Cognition and Emotion, 31, 923–936. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1182893.
Smith, S. J., Axelton, A. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2009). The effects of contact on sexual prejudice: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 61, 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9627-3.
Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., et al. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of blacks and whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1242–1254. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812009.
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x.
Sweetman, J., Spears, R., Livingstone, A. G., & Manstead, A. S. (2013). Admiration regulates social hierarchy: Antecedents, dispositions, and effects on intergroup behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.007.
Takács, J., Szalma, I., & Bartus, T. (2016). Social attitudes toward adoption by same-sex couples in Europe. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 1787–1798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0691-9.
Tropp, L. R., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2005). Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science, 16, 951–957. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01643.x.
Vecho, O., Gross, M., Gratton, E., D’Amore, S., & Green, R. J. (2019). Attitudes toward same-sex marriage and parenting, ideologies, and social contacts: The mediation role of sexual prejudice moderated by gender. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16, 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-018-0331-3.
Ventura, R., Rodriguez-Polo, X. R., & Roca-Cuberes, C. (2019). Wealthy gay couples buying babies produced in India by poor womb-women: Audience interpretations of transnational surrogacy in TV news. Journal of Homosexuality, 66, 609–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1422947.
Vezzali, L., & Stathi, S. (2017) (Eds.). Intergroup contact theory. Recent developments and future directions. New York, NY: Routledge.
Voci, A., & Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice towards immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001011.
Vonofakou, C., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007). Contact with out-group friends as a predictor of meta-attitudinal strength and accessibility of attitudes toward gay men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 804–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.804.
Webb, S. N., Chonody, J. M., & Kavanagh, P. S. (2018). Do we think children need a mom and dad? Understanding how gender ideology impact attitudes toward same-gender parent family rights. Journal of Homosexuality, 65, 1351–1371. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1374071.
West, K., & Cowell, N. M. (2015). Predictors of prejudice against lesbians and gay men in Jamaica. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.853725.
Whitley Jr., B. E. (2001). Gender-role variables and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sex Roles, 45, 691–721. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015640318045.
Wölfer, R., Christ, O., Schmid, K., Tausch, N., Buchallik, F. M., Vertovec, S., & Hewstone, M. (2019). Indirect contact predicts direct contact: longitudinal evidence and the mediating role of intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116, 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000146.
World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Frias-Navarro, D., Pascual-Soler, M., Pons-Salvador, G. et al. Intergroup Contact and Opposition to Same-Sex Parents: the Mediation Effect of Satisfaction with Contact. Sex Res Soc Policy 17, 619–631 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-019-00420-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-019-00420-1