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Extent of Sedge-Grass Meadow in a Lake Michigan Drowned River Mouth Wetland Dictated by Topography and Lake Level

Wetlands volume 42, Article number: 34 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Water-level fluctuations are critical in maintaining diversity of plant communities in Great Lakes wetlands. Sedge-grass meadows are especially sensitive to such fluctuations. We conducted vegetation sampling in a sedge-grass dominated Lake Michigan drowned river mouth wetland in 1995, 2002, and 2010 following high lake levels in 1986 and 1997. We also conducted photointerpretation studies in 16 years dating back to 1965 to include responses to high lake levels in 1952 and 1974. Topographic data were collected to assess their influence on areal extent of sedge-grass meadow. Dominant species in short emergent and submersed/floating plant communities changed with water availability from 1995 to extreme low lake levels in 2002 and 2010. Sedge-grass meadow was dominated by Calamagrostis canadensis and Carex stricta in all years sampled, but Importance Values differed among years partly due to sampling in newly exposed areas. Photointerpretation studies showed a significant relation between percent of wetland in sedge-grass meadow and summer lake level, as well as the number of years since an extreme high lake level. From the topographic map created, we calculated the cumulative area above each 0.2-m contour to determine the percent of wetland dewatered in select years following extreme high lake levels. When compared with percent sedge-grass meadow in those years, relative changes in both predicted land surface and sedge-grass meadow demonstrated that accuracy of lake level as a predictor of area of sedge-grass meadow is dependent on topography. Our results regarding relations of plant-community response to hydrology are applicable to other Great Lakes wetlands.

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Availability of Data and Materials

All data produced from this study are provided in this manuscript.

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Acknowledgments

Funding was provided by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency–Mid-Continent Ecology Division Interagency Agreement DW14936071-01-0 in 1995, Great Lakes Commission Grant GL-97547301-0 in 2002, and International Joint Commission through U.S. Army Corps of Engineers SOI 0016-0024 in 2010. Field data collection in various years was assisted by Ben Meyer, Casey Kochanski, and Martha Carlson Mazur. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Funding

Funding was provided by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency–Mid-Continent Ecology Division Interagency Agreement DW14936071-01-0 in 1995, Great Lakes Commission Grant GL-97547301-0 in 2002, and International Joint Commission through U.S. Army Corps of Engineers SOI 0016-0024 in 2010.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, SUNY-Brockport, Brockport, NY, 14420, USA

    Douglas A. Wilcox & John A. Bateman

  2. Department of Environmental Conservation and Horticulture, Finger Lakes Community College, Canandaigua, NY, 14424, USA

    John A. Bateman

  3. Great Lakes Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA

    Kurt P. Kowalski

  4. Department of Natural Resources and Biology, Northland College, Ashland, WI, 54806, USA

    James E. Meeker

  5. U.S. Geological Survey, Minnesota Water Science Center, Mounds View, MN, 55112, USA

    Nicole Dunn

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  1. Douglas A. Wilcox
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  2. John A. Bateman
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  3. Kurt P. Kowalski
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  4. James E. Meeker
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Contributions

Wilcox, Bateman, Kowalski, and Meeker conducted data collection and did data analyses. Dunn conducted topographic/bathymetric data analysis and mapping. Wilcox wrote much of the manuscript with assistance from other authors on selected parts.

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Correspondence to Douglas A. Wilcox.

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James E. Meeker deceased.

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Wilcox, D.A., Bateman, J.A., Kowalski, K.P. et al. Extent of Sedge-Grass Meadow in a Lake Michigan Drowned River Mouth Wetland Dictated by Topography and Lake Level. Wetlands 42, 34 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-022-01534-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-022-01534-w

Keywords

  • Great Lakes wetlands
  • Water-level fluctuations
  • Plant communities
  • Sedge-grass meadow
  • Photointerpretation
  • Topography