Abstract
The colonization and spread of non-native species are recognized as a critical driver of environmental change in mangrove ecosystems. However, environmental factors that favor non-native plant colonization in mangroves are still poorly understood. To fill this gap, we investigated the effect of selected abiotic factors controlling non-native plant species colonization in mangroves in Southeastern Brazil. We selected 18 plots in mangrove forests under different levels of anthropogenic N inputs, both colonized and non-colonized by non-native plants in the Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Cananeia-Iguape, southeastern Brazil. We measured interstitial salinity, sediment nitrate and ammonium concentrations, and sediment physicochemical properties. We found that interstitial salinity at 10 cm depth followed by nitrate concentrations in sediment were the main factors associated with the occurrence of non-native species in the studied mangroves. Low salinity and increased N availability in sediment allowed for the success of non-native plants into mangrove forests, also resulting in high amount of dead mangrove trunks. Aiming to conserve and restore such areas, the restoration of abiotic conditions is the first step in the management of non-native species in this region.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio - Brazil) and the Instituto Florestal (Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, Brazil) for the permissions to conduct this study in the Cananeia-Iguape-Peruibe Protection Area [Processes 37339 and 47365] and the Cardoso Island State Park [Processes 260108-003.838/2010 and 260108-012.547/2014], respectively. We are also thankful to Marcos Bornschein for identifying the species of aquatic macrophytes, and to João Paulo Sena Souza for providing the map of the study area.
Funding
This work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES – Brazil [001 to J.A.G.S. and 1,422,671 to C.R.G.R]; the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CNPq– Brazil [445,418/2014-1 to M.C-L]; the Fundação Grupo O Boticário, edital Bio&Clima Lagamar [BL0006_2012_1 to M.C-L.]; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Distrito Federal (FAPDF) [0193.000344/2017]; Rufford Foundation [grant 20243-1].
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JAGS – Sampling, writing the manuscript, statistical analyses.
CRGR - Writing the manuscript, sampling design.
MCL – Sampling design, sampling, writing the manuscript.
GBN - Sampling design, writing the manuscript, funding.
LFS - Writing the manuscript, funding.
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Supplementary Fig. 1
Correlation matrix between abiotic and biotic variables. Sal10 = porewater salinity at 10 cm depth; Sal50 = porewater salinity at 50 cm depth; Nmin = N mineral in sediment; NH4+-N = concentrations of ammonium nitrogen in sediment; NO3−-N = concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in sediment; BADT = basal area of dead mangrove trunks; BALT = basal area of live mangrove trunks; C:N = carbon:nitrogen ratio; H = mangrove height; DBH = mangrove diameter at breast height; δ13C = foliar carbon isotopic signature, and N = foliar N concentrations. (DOCX 189 KB)
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Sampaio, J.A.G., Reis, C.R.G., Cunha-Lignon, M. et al. Changes in Abiotic Factors Drive Non-native Plants Colonization in Subtropical Mangroves. Wetlands 41, 97 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01497-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01497-4