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CO2 Exchange in an Alpine Swamp Meadow on the Central Tibetan Plateau

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Abstract

Alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau holds the highest organic carbon density of plateau ecosystems and is among the most sensitive areas to climate change. Understanding CO2 exchange and its environmental forces in this specific ecosystem can benefit constraints of carbon budgets from site to global scale under future climate change. Here we investigated CO2 flux measurements from 2009 to 2013 in a wide-distributed alpine wetland, Kobresia littledalei-Blysmus sinocompressus swamp meadow, by eddy covariance (EC) on the central Tibetan Plateau. Results showed diurnal variation of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was affected by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and this alpine swamp meadow had a high maximum ecosystem photosynthesis rate (Amax) with 32.96 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1. Nighttime ecosystem respiration (Re) rates were well associated with temperature, and average annual temperature sensitivity of Re (Q10) was 3.2. Both temperature and relative humidity (RH) played key roles in regulations of seasonal NEE, and their interactive effect was only significant in GS, especially when soil temperature at 10 cm was above 6.3 °C. Our results suggested this alpine swamp meadow was a stable CO2 sink with an annual accumulation of −161.85 ± 28.02 g C m−2. However, response of annual Re was more sensitive than GPP to change of temperature and length of growing season (LOG), which implied that future climate warming likely to weaken the CO2 sink of this alpine swamp meadow.

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Abbreviations

EC:

Eddy covariance

NEE:

Net ecosystem CO2 exchange

GPP:

Gross primary productivity

Re:

Ecosystem respiration

PAR:

Photosynthetically active radiation

Ta:

Air temperature

RHa:

Air relative humidity

PPT:

Precipitation

Ts:

Soil temperature

Rn:

Net radiation

DW:

Dry weight

AGB:

Above-ground biomass

NDVI:

Normalized difference vegetation index

NG:

Non-growing season

NPG:

Previous non-growing season

NLG:

Later non-growing season

GS:

Growing season

BG:

Bud-growing stage

RG:

Rapid-growing stage

PG:

Peak-growing stage

SG:

Senescent stage

LOG:

Growing season length

DOY:

Day of the year

α :

Apparent quantum yield

Amax :

Maximum ecosystem photosynthesis rate

Q10 :

Temperature sensitivity of Re

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Acknowledgements

We thank the editors and reviewers for their insightful and valuable comments. The authors are grateful to Sang Bu and other members of the Lhasa Station for Tibetan Plateau Ecological Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences for their kind assistances with field work. And thanks a lot to Dr. Feng Yunfei, Fu Gang and Wu Jianshaung for their instructive opinions for the improvements of this manuscript. This work was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB03030401) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40603024; 41171044).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Ben Niu, Yongtao He, Xianzhou Zhang, Peili Shi & Wei Sun

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Ben Niu

  3. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Yongtao He, Xianzhou Zhang & Peili Shi

  4. Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan

    Mingyuan Du

  5. Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Leiming Zhang

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  1. Ben Niu
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Correspondence to Yongtao He.

Appendix

Appendix

Fig. 9
figure 9

Geographical location of the Damxung wetland. a The study site in the map of the Tibetan Plateau. b The geographical position of the study site on the Damxung county. c Real picture of EC observational field

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Fig. 10
figure 10

Climate records of Damxung county from 1963 to 2013. a The average annual temperature and precipitation records. b The average monthly temperature and ratio of monthly precipitation to annual precipitation. The bars were standard errors of 50 years’ observational data. From 1963 to 2008, Data was extracted from China meteorological data sharing service system (http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/) (open points), while during 2009 to 2013 these were collected from our field measurement (solid points)

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Fig. 11
figure 11

Relationship between NEE and PAR on clear days during the growing season (P < 0.001). Each column from left to right shows a different growing-season stage: BG bud-growing stage, RG rapid-growing stage, PG peak-growing stage, SG senescent stage

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Niu, B., He, Y., Zhang, X. et al. CO2 Exchange in an Alpine Swamp Meadow on the Central Tibetan Plateau. Wetlands 37, 525–543 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-017-0888-2

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