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Brackish Marsh Plant Community Responses to Regional Precipitation and Relative sea-Level Rise

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Abstract

Climate-driven shifts in environmental conditions can transform the structure and function of coastal ecosystems. Here we examine how two back-barrier brackish marshes in Pamlico Sound (North Carolina, USA) responded to changes in precipitation, temperature, and relative sea level and whether local rates of accretion have kept pace with relative sea-level rise. We used the distribution of seeds in sediment cores, coupled with 210Pb-sediment geochronology, to determine patterns of community and ecosystem change over the past century. The chronologies demonstrate that both marshes recently transitioned from communities dominated by Cladium jamaicense, which prefers fresh and brackish settings, to communities dominated by Schoenoplectus americanus, which prefers brackish and saline environments. Multiple regression analysis indicates that community shifts are best explained by relative sea-level rise and regional trends in precipitation. Results also indicate that the marshes are developing an elevation deficit with respect to rising sea level, which likely influenced the conversion from C. jamaicense dominated to S. americanus dominated communities. These findings substantiate a growing body of evidence indicating that climate-driven shifts in environmental conditions are transforming coastal ecosystems and suggest that brackish intertidal marshes may become increasingly threatened by accelerated sea-level rise and associated environmental changes expected to unfold this century.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jeremiah Jackson, Dani Zhao, and Sabrina Hunter for assistance with seed recovery from soil cores. In addition, Brittany Bernik and Rachel Hesselink provided valuable advice in early stages of planning and data collection. Dr. Colin Saunders and the staff of the Tulane Herbarium aided in preliminary identification of seeds. Cyndhia Ramatchandirane helped with use of equipment for creating geochronologies. Funding for this work was provided by support to C. Campbell from the Newcomb College Institute at Tulane University. Additional support was made available to MJ Blum and AS Kolker from Tulane University and LUMCON. Feedback from multiple anonymous reviewers also greatly contributed to the quality of this paper.

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  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA

    Elizabeth R. Jarrell, Cassandra Campbell & Michael J. Blum

  2. Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA, 70344, USA

    Alexander S. Kolker

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA

    Alexander S. Kolker

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  1. Elizabeth R. Jarrell
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Correspondence to Alexander S. Kolker.

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Jarrell, E.R., Kolker, A.S., Campbell, C. et al. Brackish Marsh Plant Community Responses to Regional Precipitation and Relative sea-Level Rise. Wetlands 36, 607–619 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0769-0

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