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Fluid flow-driven multiphase dolomitization in the Cambrian Jutana Formation, salt range and adjacent area (Pakistan): insights from sedimentological and isotopic analyses

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Abstract

In this study, the aim was to investigate the circulation of Mg-rich fluids in the Cambrian Jutana Formation in the Salt Range and Khisor Range, Pakistan, through mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic analyses. Previous research by (Khan and Shah, Geol Acta 17:1–18, 2019) identified three distinct dolomite types based on field observations and petrographic studies: Dol. I, as a fine-to-medium crystalline dolomite matrix, Dol. II as a medium-to-coarse crystalline dolomite cement, and Dol. III as fracture-filling dolomite cement. Mineralogical analyses conducted in this study revealed that Dol. I exhibited non-stoichiometric, low-ordered dolomite with a CaCO3 content ranging from 45.5 to 46.8% mol. In contrast, Dol. II and Dol. III were near stoichiometric, moderately ordered dolomites with CaCO3 contents of 48.0–49.3% mol and 49.0–49.7% mol, respectively. Geochemical compositions, including major and trace elements, showed high concentrations of Sr (184–436 ppm) and Na (4087–8710 ppm) in Dol. I, accompanied by relatively low values of Mn (466–1848 ppm) and Fe (1940–10510 ppm). Dol. II and Dol. III, on the other hand, exhibited high concentrations of Mn (1355–3157 ppm) and Fe (9030–32060 ppm) but lower contents of Na (1084–5566 ppm) and Sr (67–277 ppm). Oxygen isotope (δ18O) compositions indicated slightly negative values (−5.75 to −1.18‰ V-PDB) for Dol. I, extending to lower values (−6.64 to −2.05‰ V-PDB) for Dol. II, and even more negative values (−7.73 to −6.71‰ V-PDB) for Dol. III. Carbon isotope (δ13C) values (−2.02 to 0.10‰ V-PDB) for all three dolomite phases fell within the range of original marine compositions. Sr-isotope ratios were found to be higher (0.710154 to 0.713198) than contemporary marine compositions, indicating interactions between the dolomitizing fluids and radiogenic elements. Mg-isotope (δ25Mg and δ26Mg) results suggested that the fluids originated from an altered marine mixing zone (−0.70 to −0.61% 2σ) as well as from burial dolomitization (−1.66 to −1.19% 2σ). Based on the mineralogical studies, geochemical analysis, and isotopic compositions, it is proposed that the initial stage of dolomitization (Dol. I) occurred through near-surface mixing zone processes. Subsequently, Dol. II and Dol. III dolomitization took place under intermediate to deep burial conditions in later stages.

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the Department of Erath Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University for the Petrography work and Chemical Division of Geoscience Advance Research Laboratories, Geological Survey of Pakistan Islamabad for Major and Traces analysis. The author also thankful to Adrian Immenheuser (Ruhr University, Bochum) for Mg isotope analysis as well as Anne Kelly and Vincent Gallagher from Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) for helping in Sr isotope analysis.

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  1. Geosciences Advance Research Labs, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad, 14610, Pakistan

    Sajjad Khan

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Mumtaz Muhammad Shah

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  1. Sajjad Khan
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Conceptualization, S.K.; methodology, S.K; software, S.K; validation, S.K; formal analysis, S.K; investigation, S.K; resources, S.K; data curation, S.K; writing S.K; writing—review and editing, S.K visualization, S.K; M.M.S; supervision, M.M.S; S.K; project administration, M.M.S; S.K.;

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Correspondence to Sajjad Khan.

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Khan, S., Shah, M.M. Fluid flow-driven multiphase dolomitization in the Cambrian Jutana Formation, salt range and adjacent area (Pakistan): insights from sedimentological and isotopic analyses. Carbonates Evaporites 39, 64 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-024-00976-z

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