Abstract
The reservoir depth of T-Sh oilfield in Tarim Basin is more than 7500 m, which is a typical deep carbonate fault-controlled reservoir. The S-1 and S-5 fault zones experienced multi-stage tectonic movements and developed complex fault-fracture systems. Based on geometry and dynamics, the evolution characteristics of faults are analyzed; the permeability of strike-slip faults in the middle and lower Ordovician carbonate strata drilled through in S-5 fault zone is studied by comprehensively using core observation, imaging logging, 3D seismic data, and drilling historical data, taking wells F-1 and F-10 as examples. It is found that the fault-fracture system is the main reservoir space and fluid migration channel in the reservoir. A large mud loss will occur when drilling high permeability faults. High production can be obtained after conventional well completion, otherwise, it is difficult to get production. In this paper, slip tendency coefficient is used to quantitatively characterize the permeability of fractures in T-SH ultra-deep reservoir. Based on the one-dimensional geomechanical model and three-dimensional geological structure model of typical wells, the slip tendency coefficients of different parts of the fault-fracture system are calculated using finite element numerical simulation method. Compared with the historical data of drilling in S-1 and S-5 fault zones, it is found that the slip tendency coefficient is positively correlated with mud loss. The results show that the critical slip tendency coefficient of the S-5 fault zone is 0.3, and that of the S-1 fault zone is 0.2. This study provides a new idea and method for the prediction of geological desserts and well trajectory design in the T-Sh reservoir.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aydin A (1978) Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone. Pure Appl Geophys 116(4–5):913–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00876546
Aydin A, Antonellini M, Tondi E et al (2010) Deformation along the leading edge of the maiella thrust sheet in central Italy. J Struct Geol 32(9):1291–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.10.005
Bailey K, Kearns S, Mergoil J et al (2017) Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity. Miner Mag 70(2):231–236
Barton CA, Zoback MD, Moos D (1995) Fluid flow along potentially active faults in crystalline rock. Geology 23(8):683–686. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)0232.3.CO;2
Becker I, Wuestefeld P, Koehrer B et al. (2017) Digitally derived fracture network relationships in fractured Zechstein carbonate reservoirs from surface and well data. EAGE 79th conference and exhibition
Ben-Zion Y, Sammis CG (2003) Characterization of fault zones. Pure Appl Geophys 160(3):677–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012554
Byerlee J (1978) Friction of rocks. Pure Appl Geophys 116(4–5):615–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00876528
Caine JS, Evans JP, Forster CB (1996) Fault zone architecture and permeability structure. Geology 24(11):1025–1208. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024%3c1025:fzaaps%3e2.3.co;2
Chester FM, Logan JM (1986) Implications for mechanical properties of brittle faults from observations of the punchball fault zone, California. Pure Appl Geophys 124(1):79–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00875720
Chester FM, Evans JP, Biegel RL (1993) Internal structure and weakening mechanisms of the san-andreas fault. J Geophys Res Atmos 98(B1):771–786. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB01866
Deng S, Li H, Zhang Z et al (2018) Characteristics of differential activities in major strike-slip fault zones and their control on hydrocarbon enrichment in Shunbei area and its surroundings, Tarim Basin. Oil Gas Geol 39(5):38–48. https://doi.org/10.11743/ogg20180503 (in Chinese)
Deng S, Li H, Zhang Z et al (2019a) Structural characterization of intracratonic strike-slip faults in the central Tarim basin. AAPG Bull 103(1):109–137. https://doi.org/10.1306/06071817354
Deng S, Li H, Han J et al (2019b) Characteristics of the central segment of Shunbei 5 strike-slip fault zone in Tarim Basin and its geological significance. Oil Gas Geol 40(5):990–1037 (in Chinese)
Faulkner DR, Rutter EH (2001) Can the maintenance of overpressured fluids in large strike-slip fault zones explain their apparent weakness? Geology 29(6):503–506. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)0292.0.CO;2
Faulkner DR, Lewis AC, Rutter EH (2003) On the internal structure and mechanics of large strike-slip fault zones: field observations of the carbon eras fault in southeastern Spain. Tectonophysics 367(3):235–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00134-3
Faulkner DR, Mitchell TM, Healy D, Heap MJ (2006) Slip on weak fault by the rotation of regional stress in the fracture damage zone. Nature 444(7121):922–925. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05353
Faulkner DR, Mitchell TM, Rutter EH, Cembrano J (2008) On the structure and mechanical properties of large strike-slip faults. J Geol Soc Lond 299(1):139–150. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP299.9
Fossen H, Schultz RA, Shipton ZK et al (2007) Deformation bands in sandstone: a review. J Geol Soc 164(4):755–769. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492006-036
Gao Z, Fan T (2012) Extensional tectonics and sedimentary response of the Early-Middle Cambrian passive continental margin, Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Geosci Front 3(5):661–668
Gudmundsson A (2009) Rock fractures in geological processes. Cambridge University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511975684
Gudmundsson A, Simmenes TH, Larsen B et al (2010) Effects of internal structure and local stresses on fracture propagation, deflection, and arrest in fault zones. J Struct Geol 32(11):1643–1655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.08.013
Healy D (2015) A new kinematic model for polymodal faulting: implications for fault connectivity. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
Hennings P, Allwardt P, Paul P et al (2012) Relationship between fractures, fault zones, stress, and reservoir productivity in the Suban gas field, Sumatra Indonesia. AAPG Bull 96(4):753–772. https://doi.org/10.1306/08161109084
Hickman S, Zoback MD (2003) Stress measurements in the SAFOD pilot hole: Implications for the frictional strength of the San Andreas fault. Geophys Res Lett 31:15
Hu W (2020) Development technology and research direction of fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield. Reserv Eval Dev 10(02):1–10 (in Chinese)
Huang C (2019) ulti-stage activity characteristics of small-scale strike-slip faults in superimposed basin and its identification method: a case study of Shunbei area. Tarim Basin Petrol Geol Exp 41(03):379–389 (in Chinese)
Huang M-H, Fielding EJ, Dickinson H, Sun J et al (2017) Fault geometry inversion and slip distribution of the 2010 Mw 7.2 EL Mayor-Cucapah earthquake from geodetic data. J Geophys Res Sol Earth 122:607–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB012858
Ito T, Hayashi K (2003) Role of stress-controlled flow pathways in HDR geothermal reservoirs. Pure Appl Geophys 160(5–6):1103–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012563
Ji X (2008a) The studying in characters and evolution process of main faults in Tarim basin. Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu (in Chinese)
Ji C (2008b) Preliminary result of the May 12, 2008 Mw 7.9 eastern Sichuan, China earthquake. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/finitefault.php
Jiao F (2017) Significance of oil and gas exploration in NE strike-slip fault belts in Shuntuoguole area of Tarim. Oil Gas Geol 38(05):831–839. https://doi.org/10.11743/ogg20170501 (in Chinese)
Jiao F (2018) Significance and prospect of ultra-deep carbonate fault-karst reservoirs in the Shunbei area Tarim Basin. Oil Gas Geol 39(2):207–216. https://doi.org/10.11743/ogg20180201 (in Chinese)
Jin Z (2014) A study on the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs controlled by source-cap rock assemblage in ununmodified foreland region of Tarim Basin. Oil Gas Geol 35(06):763–770. https://doi.org/10.11743/ogg20140603 (in Chinese)
Kim A, Dreger DS (2008) Rupture process of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from near-fault seismic waveform and geodetic records. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005115
Korneva I, Tondi E, Agosta F et al (2014) Structural properties of fractured and faulted cretaceous platform carbonates, Murge plateau (southern Italy). Mar Petrol Geol 57:312–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.05.004
Lan X, Lü X, Zhu Y, Yu H (2015) The geometry and origin of strike-slip faults cutting the Tazhong low rise megaanticline (central uplift, tarim basin, China) and their control on hydrocarbon distribution in carbonate reservoirs. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 22:633–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2014.12.030
Li B, Guan S, Li C et al (2009) Paleotectonic evolution and deformation characteristics of the middle low uplift in Tarim Basin. Geol Rev 55(04):521–530. https://doi.org/10.16509/j.georeview.2009.04.010 (in Chinese)
Ma Q, Jiang H (2018) Strontium isotopic curve of the lower ordovician and the chronostratigraphic division of well shunnan-5 on northern slope of middle Tarim Basin. Bull Geol Sci Technol 37(01):69–73. https://doi.org/10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2018.0109 (in Chinese)
Machel HG (2005) Investigation of burial diagenesis in carbonate hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. Geosci Can 32(3):103–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.015
Makurat A, Barton N, Rad NS, Bandis S (1990) Joint conductivity variation due to normal and shear deformation. Rock joints; international symposium on rock joints, 535–540. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(91)92855-s
Mcfarland JD, Jahns TM (2012) Investigation of the rotor demagnetization characteristics of interior pm synchronous machines during fault conditions. IEEE T Ind Appl 50(4):2768–2775. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2013.2294997
Meier S, Bauer JF, Philipp SL (2015) Fault zone characteristics, fracture systems and permeability implications of middle triassic Muschelkalk in southwest Germany. J Struct Geol 70:170–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.12.005
Morris A, Ferrill DA, Henderson DB (1996) Slip-tendency analysis and fault reactivation. Geology 24(3):275–278. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024%3c0275:STAAFR%3e2.3.CO;2
Neuzil CE, Tracy JV (1981) Flow through fractures. Water Resour Res 17(1):191–199. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00191
Olsson R, Barton N (2001) An improved model for hydromechanical coupling during shearing of rock joints. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(3):317–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00079-4
Peter H, Patricia A, Pijush P et al (2012) Relationship between fractures, fault zones, stress, and reservoir productivity in the Suban gas field, Sumatra, Indonesia. AAPG Bull 96(4):753–772
Philipp SL, Filiz A, Agust G (2013) Effects of mechanical layering on hydrofracture emplacement and fluid transport in reservoirs. Front Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2013.00004
Qi L (2016) Oil and gas breakthrough in ultra-deep Ordovician carbonate formations in Shuntuoguole uplift, Tarim. China Petrol Explor 21(03):38–51. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2016.03.004
Scholz CH (1987) Wear and gouge formation in brittle faulting. Geology 15(6):493–495. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15%3c493:WAGFIB%3e2.0.CO;2
Sibson RH (1977) Fault rock and mechanisms. J Geol Soc 133:191–213
Sibson RH (1996) Structural permeability of fluid-driven fault-fracture meshes. J Struct Geol 18(8):1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(96)00032-6
Sims D, Ferrill DA, Stamatakos JA (1999) Role of a ductile décollement in the development of pull-apart basins: experimental results and natural examples. J Struct Geol 21(5):533–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00010-3
Sonier F, Souillard P, Blaskovich FT (1988) Numerical simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs. SPE Reserv Eng 3(04):1114–1122. https://doi.org/10.2118/15627-pa
Stephen H, Colleen B, Mark Z et al (1997) In-situ stress and fracture permeability in a fault-hosted geothermal reservoir at Dixie valley, Nevada. J Histochem Cytochem 52(8):1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1369/jhc.3A6201.2004
Townend J, Zoback MD (2000) How faulting keeps the crust strong. Geology 28:399–402
Wang Z, Gao Z, Fan T et al (2020) Structural characterization and hydrocarbon prediction for the SB5m strike-slip fault zone in the Shuntuo low uplift, Tarim basin. Mar Petrol Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104418
Wibberley CAJ, Shimamoto T (2009) Internal structure and permeability of major strike-slip fault zones: the median tectonic line in Mie prefecture, southwest Japan. J Struct Geol 25(1):59–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00014-7
Wu G, Yang H, Qu T et al (2012) The fault system characteristics and its controlling roles on marine carbonate hydrocarbon in the Central uplift. Tarim basin Acta Petrologica Sinica 28(03):793–805 (in Chinese)
Zhang C, Jia C, Li B, Luo X, Liu Y (2010) Ancient karsts and hydrocarbon accumulation in the middle and western parts of the north tarim uplift, NW China. Petrol Explor Dev 37(3):263–269
Zoback MD (2007) Reservoir geomechanics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 449–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2008.00217
Zoback MD, Townend J (2001) Implications of hydrostatic pore pressures and high crustal strength for the deformation of intraplate lithosphere. Tectonophysics 336:19–30
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by National Science and Technology Major Project “Formation law and exploration evaluation of large and medium oil and gas fields in marine carbonate strata of Tarim-Odors Basin” (2017zx05005-002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, R., Deng, S., Yun, L. et al. Description of the reservoir along strike-slip fault zones in China T-Sh oilfield, Tarim Basin. Carbonates Evaporites 36, 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00661-x
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00661-x