Abstract
The variability of the South Java Current (SJC) was observed by using reanalysis data spanning the years 1993 to 2021. This was done in order to determine whether or not the SJC was more influenced by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), or a combination of the two. Employing empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses, we were able to determine that the time series of the principal component in the first mode (PC1) had an association with one of these occurrences. During the northwest monsoon in December, January, and February (DJF), it would appear that the IOD has a greater impact on the SJC than ENSO does, with a correlation of more than 0.8. During the first transition, which occurs in March, April, and May (MAM), the time series PC1 demonstrates that the SJC has a greater association with the ENSO (coefficient correlation more than 0.7). The study demonstrates that the PC1 has a negative association with both the IOD and the ENSO during the months of JJA, with a coefficient value less than 0.4. The JJA's SJC, however, is positively influenced by the coastal Kelvin wave in the vicinity of western Sumatra and southern Java. Moreover, the magnitude of the SJC, which was observed in DJF months, is affected by the Rossby wave that is moving in a westward direction south of 9˚S.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The complete dataset from the study can be accessed and downloaded at no cost at the following link: https://marine.copernicus.eu/.
References
Abram, N.J., Wright, N.M., Ellis, B., et al.: Coupling of Indo-Pacific climate variability over the last millennium. Nature 579, 385–392 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2084-4
An, S.I., Park, H.J., Kim, S.K., Shin, J., Yeh, S.W., Kug, J.S.: Intensity changes of Indian Ocean dipole mode in a carbon dioxide removal scenario. npj. Clim. Atmos. Sci. 5, 20 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-022-00246-6
Ashok, K., Guan, Z., Yamagata, T.: Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the between the Indian Monsoon Rainfall and ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4499–4502 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013294
Behera, S.K., Khrisnan, R., Yamagata, T.: Unusual ocean-atmosphere conditions in the tropical Indian Ocean during 1994. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 3001–3004 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010434
Björnsson, H., Venegas, S.A.: A Manual for EOF and SVD Analyses of Climate Data. McGill University, Canada (1997)
Black, E., Singo, J., Sperber, K.: Observational Study of the Relationship between Excessively Strong Short Rains in Coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST. Mon. Weather Rev. 131, 74–94 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131%3c0074:AOSOTR%3e2.0.CO,2
Chelton, D.B., Schlax, M.G., Lyman, J.M., Johnson, G.C.: Equatorially trapped Rossby waves in the presence of meridionally sheared baroclinic flow in the Pacific Ocean. Prog. Oceanog. 56, 323–380 (2003)
Clark, C.O., Webster, P.J., Cole, J.E.: Interdecadal Variability of the Relationship between the Indian Ocean Zonal Mode and East African Coastal Rainfall Anomalies. J. Clim. 16, 548–554 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c0548:IVOTRB%3e2.0.CO,2
Dawson, A.: eofs: A Library for EOF Analysis of Meteorological, Oceanographic, and Climate Data. J. Open. Res. Softw. 4, e14 (2016). https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.122
Duan, J., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, F.: Impacts of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Sea Level and Gyre Circulation of the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate 33, 4207–4228 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0782.1
Fischer, A.S., Terray, P., Guilyardi, E., Gualdi, S., Delecluse, P.: Two Independent Triggers for the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal Mode in a Coupled GCM. J. Clim. 18(17), 3428–3449 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3478.1
Guo, F., Liu, Q., Sun, S., Yang, J.: Three Types of Indian Ocean Dipoles. J. Climate. 28, 3073–3092 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00507.1
Hameed, S.N., Jin, D., Thilakan, V.: A model for super El Niños. Nat Commun. 9, 2528 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04803-7
Hannachi, A., Jolliffe, I.T., Stephenson, D.B.: Empirical orthogonal functions and related techniques in atmospheric science: A review. Int. J. Clim 27, 1119–1152 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1499
Hautala, S.L., Sprintall, J., Potemra, J., Ilahude, A.G., Chong, J.C., Pandoe, W., Bray, N.: Velocity structure and transport of the Indonesian Throughflow in the major straits restricting flow into the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 19527–19546 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000577
Hersbach, H., Dee, D.J.E.N.: ERA5 reanalysis is in production. ECMWF Newsletter. 147(7), 5–6 (2016)
Huang, B., Liu, C., Banzon, V., Freeman, E., Graham, G., Hankins, B., Smith, T., Zhang, H.: Improvements of the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) Version 21. J. Clim. 34(8), 2923–2939 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.1
Iskandar, I., Mardiansyah, W., Masumoto, Y., Yamagata, T.: Intraseasonal Kelvin waves along the southern coast of Sumatra and Java. J. Geophys. Res. 110, C04013 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002508
Iskandar, I., Tozuka, T., Sasaki, H., Masumoto, Y., Yamagata, T.: Intraseasonal variations of surface and subsurface currents off Java as simulated in a high-resolution ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 111, C12015 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003486
Iskandar, I., Lestari, D.O., Saputra, A.D., Setiawan, R.Y., Wirasatriya, A., Susanto, R.D., Mardiansyah, W., Irfan, M., Rozirwan, Setiawan, Kunarso, J.D.: Extreme Positive Indian Ocean Dipole in 2019 and Its Impact on Indonesia. Sustain. 14, 15155 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215155
Jury, M.R.: South Indian Ocean Rossby Waves. Atmos. Ocean 56(5), 322–331 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2018.1544882
Lellouche, J.-M., Greiner, E., Le Galloudec, O., Garric, G., Regnier, C., Drevillon, M., Benkiran, M., Testut, C.-E., Bourdalle-Badie, R., Gasparin, F., Hernandez, O., Levier, B., Drillet, Y., Remy, E., Le Traon, P.-Y.: Recent updates to the Copernicus Marine Service global ocean monitoring and forecasting real-time 1∕12° high-resolution system. Ocean Sci. 14, 1093–1126 (2018). https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1093-2018
Lu, Z., Dong, W., Lu, B., Yuan, N., Ma, Z., Bogachev, M.I., Kurths, J.: Early warning of the Indian Ocean Dipole using climate network analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119, e2109089119 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2109089119
Moum, J.N., de Szoeke, S.P., Smyth, W.D., Edson, J.B., DeWitt, H.L., Moulin, A.J., Thompson, E.J., Zappa, C.J., Rutledge, S.A., Johnson, R.H., Fairall, C.W.: Air-Sea Interactions from Westerly Wind Bursts During the November 2011 MJO in the Indian Ocean. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 95(8), 1185–1199 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00225.1
Ningsih, N.S., Sakina, S.L., Susanto, R.D., Hanifah, F.: Simulated zonal current characteristics in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO). Ocean Sci. 17, 1115–1140 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1115-2021
Nurlatifah, A., Martono, Susanti, I., Suhermat, M.: Variability and trend of sea level in southern waters of Java, Indonesia. J. South. Hemisphere Earth Syst. Sci. 71(3), 272–283 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1071/ES21004
Phillips, H.E., Tandon, A., Furue, R., Hood, R., Ummenhofer, C.C., Benthuysen, J.A., Menezes, V., Hu, S., Webber, B., Sanchez-Franks, A., Cherian, D., Shroyer, E., Feng, M., Wijesekera, H., Chatterjee, A., Yu, L., Hermes, J., Murtugudde, R., Tozuka, T., Su, D., Singh, A., Centurioni, L., Prakash, S., Wiggert, J.: Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air–sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry. Ocean Sci. 17, 1677–1751 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021
Pinault, J.-L.: Resonance of baroclinic waves in the tropical oceans: The Indian Ocean and the far western Pacific. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans. 89, 101119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2019.101119
Polito, P.S., Sato, O.T.: Do eddies ride on Rossby waves? J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 120, 5417–5435 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010737
Polonsky, A., Torbinsky, A.: The IOD–ENSO Interaction: The Role of the Indian Ocean Current’s System. Atmosphere 12, 1662 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121662
Potemra, J.T.: Contribution of equatorial Pacific winds to southern tropical Indian Ocean Rossby waves. J. Geophys. Res. 106(C2), 2407–2422 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000031
Quadfasel, D.R., Cresswell, G.: A note on the seasonal variability of the South Java Current. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 3685–3688 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC03056
Reynolds, R.W., Smith, T.M., Liu, C., Chelton, D.B., Casey, K.S., Schlax, M.G.: Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature. J. Clim. 20(22), 5473–5496 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1
Saji, N.H., Goswami, B.N., Vinayachandran, P.N., Yamagata, T.: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401, 360–363 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/43854
Sprintall, J., Chong, J., Syamsudin, F., Morawitz, W., Hautala, S., Bray, N., Wijffels, S.: Dynamics of the South Java Current in the Indo-Australian Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2493–2496 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002320
Sprintall, J., Gordon, A.L., Murtugudde, R., Susanto, R.D.: A semi-annual Indian Ocean forced Kelvin waves observed in the Indonesian Seas, May 1997. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 17217–17230 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900065
Sprintall, J., Wijffels, S., Molcard, R., Jaya, I.: Direct evidence of the South Java Current system in Ombai Strait. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 50, 140–156 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.02.006
Subrahmanyam, B., Robinson, I.S.: Sea Surface Height Variability in the Indian Ocean from TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry and Model Simulations. Mar. Geodesy 23, 167–195 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1080/01490410050128609
Susanto, R.D., Marra, J.: Efects of the 1997/98 El Nino on Chlorophyll a variability along the southern coasts of Java and Sumatra. Oceanography 18, 124–127 (2005). https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2005.13
Susanto, R.D., Gordon, A.L., Zheng, Q.: Upwelling along the coasts of Java and Sumatra and its relation to ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1599–1602 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011844
Syamsudin, F., Kaneko, A., Haidvogel, D.B.: Numerical and observational estimates of Indian Ocean Kelvin wave intrusion into Lombok Strait. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L24307 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021227
Utari, P.A., Setiabudidaya, D., Khakim, M.Y.N., Iskandar, I.: Dynamics of the South Java Coastal Current revealed by RAMA observing network. Terr. Atmos. Ocean Sci. 2, 1–11 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2018.12.14.01
Vaid, B., Gnanaseelan, C., Polito, P., Salvekar, P.S.: Influence of Pacific on Southern Indian Ocean Rossby Waves. Pure Appl. Geophys. 164, 1765–1785 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-007-0230-7
Weller, E., Cai, W.: Meridional variability of atmospheric convection associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode. Sci Rep. 4, 3590 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03590
Wijffels, S., Meyers, G.: An intersection of oceanic wave guides: variability in the Indonesian Throughflow region. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34, 1232–1253 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034%3c1232:AIOOWV%3e2.0.CO,2
Wijffels, S.E., Bray, N., Hautala, S., Meyers, G., Morawitz, W.: The WOCE Indonesian throughflow repeat hydrography sections: I10 and IR6. Int. WOCE Newsl. 24, 25–28 (1996)
Wijffels, S., Meyers, G., Godfrey, J.S.: A twenty year average of the Indonesian Throughflow: regional currents and the interbasin exchange. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 1965–1978 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3987.1
Xiao, H.M., Lo, M.H., Yu, J.Y.: The increased frequency of combined El Niño and positive IOD events since 1965s and its impacts on maritime continent hydroclimates. Sci Rep. 12, 7532 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11663-1
Yamagata, T., Mizuno, K., Masumoto, Y.: Seasonal variations in the equatorial Indian Ocean and their impact on the Lombok throughflow. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 12,465-12,473 (1996)
Yang, Y., Xie, S., Wu, L., Kosaka, Y., Lau, N., Vecchi, G.A.: Seasonality and Predictability of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode: ENSO Forcing and Internal Variability. J. Clim. 28(20), 8021–8036 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0078.1
Yuan, D., Han, W.: Roles of Equatorial Waves and Western Boundary Reflection in the Seasonal Circulation of the Equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 36, 930–944 (2005)
Yuan, D., Zhou, H., Zhao, X.: Interannual Climate Variability over the Tropical Pacific Ocean Induced by the Indian Ocean Dipole through the Indonesian Throughflow. J. Clim. 26, 2845–2861 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00117.1
Zubair, L., Rao, S.A., Yamagata, T.: Modulation of Sri Lanka Maha rainfall by the Indian Ocean Dipole. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1063 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015639
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, number 38/UN.7F10/PP/III/2023. We express our gratitude for the valuable suggestions provided by anonymous reviewers and editor to enhance the quality of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wijaya, Y.J., Wisha, U.J., Rejeki, H.A. et al. Variability of the South Java Current from 1993 to 2021, and its relationship to ENSO and IOD events. Asia-Pac J Atmos Sci 60, 65–79 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-023-00336-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-023-00336-2