Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Standardisation of enterprise architecture development for smart cities

  • Published:
Journal of the Knowledge Economy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

When managing the information and communications technology (ICT) services in smart cities, we commonly encounter complexities. To solve the complexity issues, enterprise architecture frameworks are typically utilised. However, majority of the existing enterprise architecture frameworks have been developed to address the concerns of the stakeholders in their associated world. To address diverse challenges including complexity, multi-stakeholders, and the service-oriented nature of smart cities, this paper presents an enterprise architecture framework that can be used as a methodology to manage enterprise architectures in smart cities. This framework focuses on establishing contextual requirements and definitions for smart city systems and services. In contrast to other approaches, in this paper we focus on two important layers, i.e. the context layer and the service layer, as well as their relationships with other conventional layers. The framework is not only invaluable in developing smart services but also contributes to our understanding of smart city enterprise architectures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Adolph, S., Cockburn, A., & Bramble, P. (2002). Patterns for effective use cases. Boston: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, S., Ashforth, B. E., & Dutton, J. E. (2000). Organizational identity and identification: charting new waters and building new bridges. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hader, M., & Rodzi, A. (2009). The smart city infrastructure development & monitoring. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 2(11), 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anavitarte, L., & Tratz-Ryan, B. (2010). Market insight: smart cities in emerging markets (pp. 39–61). Stamford: Gartner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthopoulos, L. (2015). Defining smart city architecture for sustainability. In proceedings of 14th electronic government and 7th electronic participation conference (IFIP2015), 140-147.

  • Arsanjani, A. (2004). Service-oriented modeling and architecture. IBM developer works, 1, 15.

  • Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: a ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27(6), 643–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastidas, V., Helfert, M., & Bezbradica, M. (2018). A requirements framework for the design of smart city reference architectures. In proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICCS).

  • Bawany, N. Z., & Shamsi, J. A. (2015). Smart city architecture: vision and challenges. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 6(11), 246–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignoux, S. (2006). Short-term strategic alliances: a social exchange perspective. Management Decision, 44(5), 615–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjarnason, E., Wnuk, K., & Regnell, B. (2011). A case study on benefits and side-effects of agile practices in large-scale requirements engineering. In proceedings of the 1st workshop on agile requirements engineering (pp. 3). ACM.

  • Booch, G. (2010). Enterprise architecture and technical architecture. IEEE Software, 27(2), 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, J. M. (2004). What to do when stakeholders matter: stakeholder identification and analysis techniques. Public Management Review, 6(1), 21–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso, J., Barros, A., May, N., & Kylau, U. (2010). Towards a unified service description language for the internet of services: requirements and first developments. In services computing (SCC), IEEE international conference, 602–609.

  • Clement, S., Mckee, D., & Xu, J. (2017). Service-oriented reference architecture for smart cities. In service-oriented system engineering (SOSE), IEEE symposium, 81–85.

  • Consoli, S., Presutti, V., Recupero, D. R., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S., & Gangemi, A. (2017). Producing linked data for smart cities: the case of Catania. Big Data Research, 7, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, N. F., Coombs, C. R., & Loan-Clarke, J. (2006). A re-conceptualization of the interpretive flexibility of information technologies: redressing the balance between the social and the technical. European Journal of Information Systems, 15(6), 569–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drury, C. M. (2013). Management and cost accounting. Springer.

  • Edvardsson, B., Tronvoll, B., & Gruber, T. (2011). Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: a social construction approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(2), 327–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engwall, L., & Wallenstål, M. (1988). Tit for tat in small steps: the internationalization of Swedish banks. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 4(3–4), 147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, H., Chen, J., & Rizzo, J. A. (2009). Explaining urban-rural health disparities in China. Medical Care, 47(12), 1209–1216.

    Google Scholar 

  • FEAF. (1999). The chief information officers council, Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) v1.1.

  • Fenn, J., & Raskino, M. (2011). Gartner's hype cycle special report for 2011. Stamford: Gartner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frow, P., & Payne, A. (2011). A stakeholder perspective of the value proposition concept. European Journal of Marketing, 45(1/2), 223–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaur, A., Scotney, B., Parr, G., & McClean, S. (2015). Smart city architecture and its applications based on IoT. Procedia Computer Science, 52(1), 1089–1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentile, C., Spiller, N., & Noci, G. (2007). How to sustain the customer experience: an overview of experience components that co-create value with the customer. European Management Journal, 25(5), 395–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giachetti, R.E. (2010). Design of enterprise systems: theory. architecture, and methods. Florida

  • Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., & Meijers, E. (2007). Smart cities–ranking of European medium-sized cities. Vienna: Centre of Regional Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Garcia, J. R., Pardo, T. A., & Nam, T. (2015). What makes a city smart? Identifying core components and proposing an integrative and comprehensive conceptualization. Information Polity, 20(1), 61–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greefhorst, D., & Proper, E. (2011). Architecture principles: the cornerstones of enterprise architecture. Springer Science & Business Media.

  • Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.E. (2000). The vision of a smart city. In proceedings of the 2nd International Life Extension Technology Workshop, Paris, France.

  • Hansen, R. G. (1987). A theory for the choice of exchange medium in mergers and acquisitions. Journal of Business, 60, 75–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S. L. (1995). A natural-resource-based view of the firm. Academy of Management Review, 20(4), 986–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefnawy, A., Bouras, A., & Cherifi, C. (2016). IoT for smart city services. In proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of things and Cloud Computing, 55.

  • Ilhan, A., Möhlmann, R., & Stock, W. G. (2015). A community architecture framework for smart cities. In Citizen’s Right to Digit. City (pp. 231–252). Singapore: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • ITU-T FG-SSC. (2014). Smart sustainable cities: an analysis of definitions. Technical report, ITU-T.

  • Kakarontzas, G., Anthopoulos, L., Chatzakou, D., & Vakali, A. (2014). A conceptual enterprise architecture framework for smart cities: a survey based approach. In e-Business (ICE-B), 11th International Conference on IEEE, 47–54.

  • Koumparoulis, D. N. (2013). PEST analysis: the case of E-shop. International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Ghildayal, N. S., & Shah, R. N. (2011). Examining quality and efficiency of the US healthcare system. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 24(5), 366–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuusisto, J. (2008). Mapping service innovation policy in the Nordic countries. SerINNO project, April, 41.

  • Lilien, G. L., Morrison, P. D., Searls, K., Sonnack, M., & Hippel, E. V. (2002). Performance assessment of the lead user idea-generation process for new product development. Management Science, 48(8), 1042–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, C. H. (1985). Developing and managing the customer-service function in the service sector. In The Service Encounter: Managing Employee Customer Interaction in Service Business (pp. 265–280). Lexington: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludlow, D., & Khan, Z. (2012). Participatory democracy and the governance of smart cities. In proceedings of 26th Annual AESOP Congress, Ankara, Turkey.

  • Ma, M., Preum, S.M., Tarneberg, W., Ahmed, M., Ruiters, M. & Stankovic, J. (2016). Detection and resolution of conflicts among services in smart cities. In smart computing (SMARTCOMP), 2016 IEEE International Conference, 1–10.

  • Marsal-Llacuna, M. L., & López-Ibáñez, M. B. (2014). Smart urban planning: designing urban land use from urban time use. Journal of Urban Technology, 21(1), 39–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massana, J., Pous, C., Burgas, L., Melendez, J., & Colomer, J. (2017). Identifying services for short-term load forecasting using data driven models in a Smart City platform. Sustainable Cities and Society, 28, 108–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, M., Helfert, M., & O’Brien, C. (2011). An analysis of enterprise architecture maturity frameworks in perspectives in business informatics research (pp. 167–177). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minoli, D. (2008). Enterprise architecture A to Z: frameworks, business process modeling, SOA, and infrastructure technology. CRC press.

  • Moe, N. B., Dingsøyr, T., & Dybå, T. (2010). A teamwork model for understanding an agile team: a case study of a Scrum project. Information and Software Technology, 52(5), 480–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed, N., Al-Jaroodi, J., Jawhar, I., Lazarova-Molnar, S., & Mahmoud, S. (2017). SmartCityWare: a service-oriented middleware for cloud and fog enabled smart city services. IEEE Access, 5, 17576–17588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty, S. P., Choppali, U., & Kougianos, E. (2016). Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: the internet of things is the backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 5(3), 60–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nam, T., & Pardo, T.A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In proceedings of the 12th annual international digital government research conference: Digital government innovation in challenging times, ACM, 282-291.

  • Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A. C., Mangano, G., & Scorrano, F. (2014). Current trends in Smart City initiatives: some stylised facts. Cities, 38, 25–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesi, P., Badii, C., Bellini, P., Cenni, D., Martelli, G., & Paolucci, M. (2016). Km4City smart city API: an integrated support for mobility services. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing, SMARTCOMP 2016.

  • Newton, P. (2014). What is the PESTLE analysis? (1st ed.) Bookboon.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitti, M., Pilloni, V., Giusto, D., & Popescu, V. (2017). IoT architecture for a sustainable tourism application in a smart city environment. Mobile Information Systems.

  • Nowak, M., & Sigmund, K. (1993). A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat in the prisoner’s dilemma game. Nature, 364(6432), 56–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlikowski, W. J. (1992). The duality of technology: rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organization Science, 3(3), 398–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrowski, L., & Helfert, M. (2012). Design science evaluation–example of experimental design. Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, 3(9), 253–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Rothenberger, M. A., & Chatterjee, S. (2007). A design science research methodology for information systems research. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(3), 45–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, G.C., & Nunes, M. (2007) Using PEST analysis as a tool for refining and focusing contexts for information systems research.

  • Pinho, N., Beirão, G., Patrício, L., & Fisk, R. P. (2014). Understanding value co-creation in complex services with many actors. Journal of Service Management, 25(4), 470–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pourzolfaghar, Z., & Helfert, M. (2017a). Integration of buildings information with live data from IoT devices. In Connected Environments for the Internet of Things (pp. 169–185). Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pourzolfaghar, Z., & Helfert, M. (2017b). Taxonomy of smart elements for designing effective services. In proceeding of 23rd American conference of information systems (AMCIS), 1–10.

  • Rong, W., Xiong, Z., Cooper, D., Li, C., & Sheng, H. (2014). Smart city architecture: a technology guide for implementation and design challenges. China Communications, 11(3), 56–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, J. W., & Westerman, G. (2004). Preparing for utility computing: the role of IT architecture and relationship management. IBM Systems Journal, 43(1), 5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouhani, B. D., Mahrin, M. N. R., Nikpay, F., Ahmad, R. B., & Nikfard, P. (2015). A systematic literature review on enterprise architecture implementation methodologies. Information and Software Technology, 62, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runeson, P., & Höst, M. (2009). Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering. Empirical Software Engineering, 14(2), 131–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santana, E.F.Z., Chaves, A.P., Gerosa, M.A., Kon, F., & Milojicic, D. (2016). Software platforms for smart cities: concepts, requirements, challenges, and a unified reference architecture. arXiv Prepr. arXiv1609.08089.

  • Savage, G. T., Nix, T. W., Whitehead, C. J., & Blair, J. D. (1991). Strategies for assessing and managing organizational stakeholders. The Executive, 5(2), 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selic, B. (2009). Agile documentation, anyone? IEEE Software, 26(6), 11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, U. S. (2016). An excursion to software development life cycle models: an old to ever-growing models. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 41(1), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, P.M., Van Sinderen, M., & Wieringa, R. (2017). Reference architecture for integration platforms. IEEE 21st Int. Enterp. Distrib. Object Comput. Conf., 113–122.

  • Song, S. (2008). Government promises equitable healthcare for all. Chinese government’s official web portal. China Daily, 8, 2008–2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spohrer, J., Anderson, L., Pass, N., & Ager, T. (2008). Service science and service-dominant logic. In Otago forum, 2(2), 4 18.

  • Su, Q., Li, Z., Song, Y. T., & Chen, T. (2008). Conceptualizing consumers’ perceptions of e-commerce quality. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 36(5), 360–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Team, F.M.E. (2013). PESTLE analysis. Strategy Skills. Free management ebooks, 15.

  • TOGAF. (2011). The Open Group Architecture Framework TOGAF Version 9.1.

  • Turk, D., France, R., & Rumpe, B. (2014). Limitations of agile software processes. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.6600.

  • Urbaczewski, L., & Mrdalj, S. (2006). A comparison of enterprise architecture frameworks. Issues in Information Systems, 7(2), 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2008). Service-dominant logic: continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, S. L., Maglio, P. P., & Akaka, M. A. (2008). On value and value co-creation: a service systems and service logic perspective. European Management Journal, 3(26), 145–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenge, R., Zhang, X., Dave, C., Chao, L., & Hao, S. (2014). Smart city architecture: a technology guide for implementation and design challenges. China Communications, 11(3), 56–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirfs-Brock, R. (1993). Designing scenarios: making the case for a use case framework. The Smalltalk Report, 3(3), 9–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (1981). The case study crisis: some answers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1), 58–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: design and methods. Sage publications.

  • Zachman, J. A. (1987). A framework for information systems architecture. IBM Systems Journal, 26(3), 276–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata Cortes, J. A., Arango Serna, M. D., & Andres Gomez, R. (2013). Information systems applied to transport improvement. DYNA, 80(180), 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zohreh Pourzolfaghar.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pourzolfaghar, Z., Bastidas, V. & Helfert, M. Standardisation of enterprise architecture development for smart cities. J Knowl Econ 11, 1336–1357 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-019-00601-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-019-00601-8

Keywords

Navigation