Reflections on the Role of University to Face the Challenges of Knowledge Society for the Local Economic Development

Journal of the Knowledge Economy volume 9, pages180–198(2018)Cite this article

Abstract

This paper proposes an analysis of the evolution of approaches to knowledge management in order to identify useful patterns and perspectives for the improvement of efficiency, effectiveness, and affordable of managerial models for the economic development. The contribution offered by the literature is analyzed in the social network theory perspective and is reinterpreted in the light of the viable system approach (vSa) as a meta-model useful to highlight variables and processes involved in the interactions among several actors. The systematization of the contributions on the knowledge management facilitates the reading and the understanding of dominant managerial models, and somehow, outlines traits and characteristics of the knowledge society—as construct based on the relationship—that traditional approaches and instruments are often not properly adequate to understand. In this perspective, the paper aims to investigate the possible and potential contribution that university can offer to address the behaviors of local actors toward pathways of knowledge co-creation, able to positively impact on the local economic and social dynamics, in a win-win logic framework. Using a cross disciplinary approach, the paper proposes a conceptual framework able to identify possible influences that university can enforce on the local context in order to improve the social alignment requested to evolve from a transactional to a relational perspective, in which all actors play an active role in the processes of value generation and their needs are effectively satisfied. Proposed reflections are supported by the analysis of some practical observations with reference to the territory of Puglia region in Italy. They highlight the relevance of university as a key actor able to address the local resources to face the challenge of a changeable emerging context.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

US$ 39.95

Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Notes

  1. 1.

    static.springer.com/sgw/documents/1501468/application/pdf/call_for_papers_JKE-Euromed.pdf

  2. 2.

    In the definition of this third phase, the authors base their considerations on the model of Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), whose value as pillar in the studies on knowledge management is undisputed. Nevertheless, the model describes only in structural terms the steps that contribute to the exchange and generation of new knowledge, leaving to the psychology and sociology studies the task of identifying the variables that influence these phases.

  3. 3.

    One of more relevant representation of this approach is offered by the studies of Webster in which knowledge is identified as an objective process related to the structure of elaboration and to the network configuration and in which “the definition of the ‘information society’ […] perceives information in non-meaningful ways” (Webster 1995, p. 27).

  4. 4.

    The principle of layering affirms that the categorical structure of the real world is layered or rather that every new element that we observe, that we learn, and that we perceive acquires a meaning in relation to what we have been previously observed, learned, and perceived (Hartmann 1964).

  5. 5.

    static.springer.com/sgw/documents/1501468/application/pdf/call_for_papers_JKE-Euromed.pdf

References

  1. Abbate, T., Coppolino, R., & Schiavone, F. (2013). Linking entities in knowledge transfer: the innovation intermediaries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4(3), 233–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17–40.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Aguiari, R., & Di Nauta, P. (2012). Governing business dynamics in complex contexts. Mercati e Competitività, 12, 39–59.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmad, N., Lodhi, M. S., Zaman, K., & Naseem, I. (2015). Knowledge management: a gateway for organizational performance. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 7, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Anand, A., Kant, R., Patel, D. P., & Singh, M. D. (2012). Knowledge management implementation: a predictive model using an analytical hierarchical process. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(1), 48–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Anderson, J. R. (1990). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York, NY: WH Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.

  8. Andrés, A. R., Asongu, S. A., & Amavilah, V. (2014). The impact of formal institutions on knowledge economy. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 25, 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Barile, S. (2009). Management sistemico vitale. Turin: Giappichelli.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Barile S. (2013) (Ed.). Contributions to theoretical and practical advances in management. A viable systems approach (vSa), Vol. 2. Rome: Aracne.

  11. Barile S. & Di Nauta P. (2011). Viable Systems Approach for territory development. In Various Authors, Contributions to theoretical and practical advances in management. A Viable Systems Approach (vSa). Avellino: International Printing, pp. 199–243.

  12. Barile, S. & Saviano, M. (2012). Oltre la partnership: un cambiamento di prospettiva. In Esposito De Falco S. & Gatti C., a cura di, La consonanza nel governo dell’impresa. Profili teorici e applicazioni. Milano: Franco Angeli, pp. 56–78.

  13. Barile, S., Calabrese, M., Iandolo, F., & Giudice, N. (2013a). L’apprendimento organizzativo: un’analisi dello sviluppo paradigmatico. Esperienze d’impresa, 1, 5–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Barile, S., Carrubbo, L., Iandolo, F., & Caputo, F. (2013b). From ‘EGO’ to ‘ECO’ in B2B relationships. Journal of Business Market Management, 6(4), 228–253.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Barile, S., Saviano, M., Polese, F., & Di Nauta, P. (2013c). Il rapporto impresa-territorio tra efficienza locale, efficacia di contesto e sostenibilità ambientale. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 90, 25–49.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Barile, S., Saviano, M., & Polese, F. (2014). Information asymmetry and co-creation in health care services. Australasian Marketing Journal, 22(3), 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Barile, S., Saviano, M., & Caputo, F. (2015). How are markets changing? the emergence of consumers market systems. In 3rd international symposium advances in business management. Towards systemic approach (pp. 21–23). Perugia: Gennaio.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bartlett, C., & Ghoshal, S. (2013). Building competitive advantage through people. Sloan Management Review, 43(2), 37–52.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Böhme, G. (1997). The structures and prospects of knowledge society. Social Science Information, 36(3), 447–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Burt, R. S. (1997). The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2), 339–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Calabrese, M. (2014). Il management nell’era della conoscenza. Collana opera prima. Rome: Rirea.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Capo-Vicedo, J., Mula, J., & Capo, J. (2011). A social network-based organisational model for improving knowledge management in supply chains. Supply Chain Management – An International Journal, 16(4), 284–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Carayannis, E. G., & Wang, V. W. L. (2012). Competitiveness model—a double diamond. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 3(3), 280–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Carayannis, E. G., Grigoroudis, E., Sindakis, S., & Walter, C. (2014). Business model innovation as antecedent of sustainable enterprise excellence and resilience. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 5(3), 440–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Carayannis, E., Hens, L., & Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P. (2015). Trans-disciplinarity and growth: nature and characteristics of trans-disciplinary training programs on the human-environment interphase. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 19, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Carlson, J. P., Vincent, L. H., Hardesty, D. M., & Bearden, W. O. (2009). Objective and subjective knowledge relationships: a quantitative analysis of consumer research findings. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(5), 864–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Carrubbo, L., Di Nauta, P., & Moretta, T. A. (2012). A2A relationships in service contexts. China Business Review, 11(10), 873–890.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Caselli, S. (2010). Governance and strategy within the financial system: tradition and innovation. Journal of Management & Governance, 14(3), 241–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Charles D., Conway, C., & Benneworth, P. (2009). Benchmarking the regional contribution of universities, Newcastle: Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE).

  30. Clark, B. (1998). Creating entrepreneurial universities: organization pathways of transformation. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

  34. Del Giudice, M., Della Peruta, M. R., & Maggioni, V. (2013a). Collective knowledge and organizational routines within academic communities of practice: an empirical research on science–entrepreneurs. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4(3), 260–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Del Giudice, M., Della Peruta, M. R., & Maggioni, V. (2013b). The ‘right’ knowledge and spin-off processes: an empirical analysis on knowledge transfer. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4(3), 304–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Dhanaraj, C., Lyles, M. A., Steensma, H. K., & Tihanyi, L. (2004). Managing tacit and explicit knowledge transfer in IJVs: the role of relational embeddedness and the impact on performance. Journal of International. Business Studies, 35(5), 428–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Di Nauta P. (2003). Il benchmarking come strumento di apprendimento per una learning organisation del sistema universitario: il caso della Copenhagen Business School. In AA.VV., Situazioni problematiche d’impresa. Riflessioni e modalità risolutive. Roma: Arnia, pp. 386–397.

  38. Di Nauta P. (2003). Un approccio alla sostenibilità della cooperazione internazionale nel sistema universitario: il Creative Benchmarking dell’Università di Oulu in Finlandia. In AA.VV., Situazioni problematiche d’impresa. Riflessioni e modalità risolutive. Roma: Arnia, pp. 398–412.

  39. Dima, A. M., & Vasilache, S. (2013). Social network analysis for tacit knowledge management in universities. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2009, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Dubina, I. N., Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. (2012). Creativity economy and a crisis of the economy? Coevolution of knowledge, innovation, and creativity, and of the knowledge economy and knowledge society. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 3(1), 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Etzkowitz, H. (2003). Research groups as quasi-firms: the invention of the entrepreneurial university. Research Policy, 32(1), 109–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Formisano, V., & Russo, G. (2011). Service logic, value co-creation and networks in the banking services. In E. Gummesson, C. Mele, & F. Polese (Eds.), Service dominant logic, network & systems theory and service science. Giannini: Naples.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Formisano, V., Russo, G., & Lombardi, R. (2013). Corporate programming and control: the business network scorecard for company networks. In XXXVI convegno AIDEA, Il ruolo dell’azienda nell’economia. Esiste un modello aziendale orientato Alla crescita? (pp. 19–21). Lecce: Settembre.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gilsing, V. A., & Duysters, G. M. (2008). Understanding novelty creation in exploration networks-structural and relational embeddedness jointly considered. Technovation, 28(10), 693–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Golinelli, G. M. (2005). L’approccio sistemico al governo dell’impresa. L’impresa sistema vitale, Vol. I. Padova: Cedam.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Golinelli, G.M. (2009). L’approccio sistemico vitale: nuovi orizzonti di ricerca per il governo dell’impresa. Sinergie, 79, XI–XXIV.

  47. Golinelli, G. M. (2011). L’approccio sistemico vitale ( aSv ) al governo dell’impresa. Cedam: Verso la scientificazione dell’azione di governo. Vol. II. Padova.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Golinelli, G. M., Barile, S., Saviano, M., & Polese, F. (2012). Perspective shifts in marketing: toward a paradigm change? Service Science, 4(2), 121–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Grol, R., & Grimshaw, J. (2003). From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients’ care. The Lancet, 362(9391), 1225–1230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Hansen, M. T. (1999). The search-transfer problem: the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 82–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Hartmann, N. (1964). Der Aufbau der realen Welt. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Iandolo, F., Calabrese, M., Antonucci, E., & Caputo, F. (2013). Towards a value co-creation based healthcare system. In Gummesson E., Mele C., Polese F. (Eds.) The 2013 Naples Forum on Service. Service Dominant Logic, Networks & Systems Theory and Service Science: Integrating three Perspective for a new Service Agenda. Naples: Giannini editore.

  54. Irma Becerra-Fernandez, R. S. (2001). Organizational knowledge management: a contingency perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 23–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Jordan, G., & Maloney, W. A. (1997). The protest business?: mobilising campaign groups. London: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kainuma, Y., & Tawara, N. (2006). A multiple attribute utility theory approach to lean and green supply chain management. International Journal of Production Economics, 101(1), 99–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Kaše, R., Paauwe, J., & Zupan, N. (2009). HR practices, interpersonal relations, and intrafirm knowledge transfer in knowledge-intensive firms: a social network perspective. Human Resource Management, 48(4), 615–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Kilduff, M., & Tsai, W. (2005). Social networks and organizations. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Krause, J., Croft, D. P., & James, R. (2007). Social network theory in the behavioural sciences: potential applications. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 62(1), 15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Kulkarni, U. R., Ravindran, S., & Freeze, R. (2006). A knowledge management success model: theoretical development and empirical validation. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23(3), 309–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Kumar, S., & Thondikulam, G. (2006). Knowledge management in a collaborative business framework. Information, Knowledge, Systems Management, 5(3), 171–187.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Kumar, S., Singh, V., & Haleem, A. (2015). Critical success factors of knowledge management: modelling and comparison using various techniques. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 21(2), 180–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Kwasnik, B. H. (2000). The role of classification in knowledge represantation and discovery. Library Trends, 48(1), 22–47.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Leiponen, A., & Helfat, C. E. (2010). Innovation objectives, knowledge sources, and the benefits of breadth. Strategic Management Journal, 31(2), 224–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Liebowitz, J., & Suen, C. Y. (2000). Developing knowledge management metrics for measuring intellectual capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(1), 54–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Liu, S., Duffy, A. H., Whitfield, R. I., & Boyle, I. M. (2010). Integration of decision support systems to improve decision support performance. Knowledge and Information Systems – An International Journal, 22(3), 261–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Locke, J. (1698). Two treatises of government. London: Black Swan.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Lombardi, R., Trequattrini, R., & Battista, M. (2014). Systematic errors in decision making processes: the case of the Italian Serie A football championship. International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences, 7(3), 239–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Lynn, L. E. (1978). Knowledge and policy: the uncertain connection. Washington, DC: Natl Academy Pr.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Merola, B. (2010). Cambiamento e sviluppo organizzativo delle piccole e medie imprese in crisi. Esperienze d’Impresa, 1, 17–32.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Minbaeva, D. B. (2007). Knowledge transfer in multinational corporations. Management International Review, 47(4), 567–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Moran, P. (2005). Structural vs. relational embeddedness: social capital and managerial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 26(12), 1129–1151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Moran, P., & Ghoshal, S. (1999). Markets, firms, and the process of economic development. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 390–412.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Mueller, P. (2006). Exploring the knowledge filter: how entrepreneurship and university-industry relationships drive economic growth. Research Policy, 35(10), 1499–1508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Podolny, J. M., & Baron, J. N. (1997). Resources and relationships: social networks and mobility in the workplace. American Sociological Review, 62(5), 673–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Polanyi, M. (1950). Scientific beliefs. Ethics, 61(1), 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Polese, F., & Di Nauta, P. (2013). A viable systems approach to relationship management in SD logic and service science. Business Administration Review, Schäffer-Poeschel, 73(2), 113–129.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Raider, H., & Krackhardt, D. (2002). Intraorganizational networks. In J. A. C. Baum (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to organizations (pp. 59–74). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Reagans, R., & McEvily, B. (2003). Network structure and knowledge transfer: the effects of cohesion and range. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(2), 240–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Rifkin, J. (2010). The empathic civilization. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Rullani, E. (2003). La conoscenza e le reti: gli orizzonti competitivi del caso italiano e una riflessione metodologica sull’economia di impresa. Sinergie, 61–62, 147–187.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Rullani, E. (2005). Valori d’impresa e conoscenza in un contesto ambientale a complessità crescente. Sinergie, 23(67), 103–122.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Rullani, E. (2008). L’economia della conoscenza nel capitalismo delle reti. Sinergie, 76, 67–90.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Runar Edvardsson, I., & Durst, S. (2014). Outsourcing of knowledge processes: a literature review. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(4), 795–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Saviano, M. (2003). Analisi sistemico vitale della distribuzione commerciale. Turin: Giappichelli.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Saviano, M., & Caputo, F. (2013). Managerial choices between systems, knowledge and viability. In S. Barile (Ed.), Contributions to theoretical and practical advances in management. A viable systems approach ( vSa ), Vol. 2 (pp. 219–242). Aracne: Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Saviano, M., Parida, R., Caputo, F., & Kumar Datta, S. (2014). Health care as a worldwide concern. Insights on the Italian and Indian health care systems and PPPs from a VSA perspective. EuroMed Journal of Business, 9(2), 198–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Schoonmaker, M. G., & Carayannis, E. G. (2010). Assessing the value of regional innovation networks. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1(1), 48–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Schulz, M. (2003). Pathways of relevance: exploring inflows of knowledge into subunits of multinational corporations. Organization Science, 14(4), 440–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Senge, P., & Kim, D. H. (2013). From fragmentation to integration: building learning communities. Reflections, 12(4), 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Shukla, M. (2013). An introduction to knowledge utilization capability and its autopoietic epistemological domain. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 39(3), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Sih, A., Hanser, S. F., & McHugh, K. A. (2009). Social network theory: new insights and issues for behavioral ecologists. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 63(7), 975–988. static.springer.com/sgw/documents/1501468/application/pdf/call_for_papers_JKE-Euromed.pdf .

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Trequattrini, R., Russo, G., & Lombardi, R. (2012a). Network governance: organisational and legal profiles. Corporate Ownership & Control, 9(4), 346–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Trequattrini, R., Russo, G., & Lombardi, R. (2012b). The crisis of company networks and tools for its prediction. International Business Research, 5(10), 46–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Tsai, W. (2001). Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 996–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Von Glasersfeld, E. (1995). Radical constructivism: a way of knowing and learning. London & Washington: The Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Walker, G., Kogut, B., & Shan, W. (1997). Social capital, structural holes and the formation of an industry network. Organization Science, 8(2), 109–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Wasserman, S. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Oxford, UK: Cambridge university press.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Webster, F. (1995). Theories of the information society. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Wee, H. M., & Wu, S. (2009). Lean supply chain and its effect on product cost and quality: a case study on Ford Motor Company. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 14(5), 335–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Wellman, B. (1988). Social structures: a network approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Yang, Q., Mudambi, R., & Meyer, K. E. (2008). Conventional and reverse knowledge flows in multinational corporations. Journal of Management, 34(5), 882–902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Zakarevičius, P. (2005). Assumptions and objectives of knowledge society formation and development knowledge-based economy. Management of Creation Development, 26, 361–371.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Via A. Gramsci, 89/91, Foggia, FG, Italy

    Primiano Di Nauta & Biagio Merola

  2. Department of Management & Information Technology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, SA, Italy

    Francesco Caputo

  3. Department of Economic and Law, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via S. Angelo, Loc. Folcara, Cassino, FR, Italy

    Federica Evangelista

Authors
  1. Primiano Di Nauta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Biagio Merola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francesco Caputo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Federica Evangelista
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesco Caputo.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Di Nauta, P., Merola, B., Caputo, F. et al. Reflections on the Role of University to Face the Challenges of Knowledge Society for the Local Economic Development. J Knowl Econ 9, 180–198 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-015-0333-9

Download citation

Keywords

  • Viable systems approach
  • Social network theory
  • Constructivism
  • Knowledge economy
  • Role of university in the knowledge society