Abstract
The stock enhancement programs for black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii have been conducted in China for a few years. However, little information has been reported concerning the effectiveness and genetic effect of black sea bream stock enhancement. In order to detect the contribution of released individuals in Zhujiang River Estuary (ZRE) and Daya Bay (DB), six microsatellite markers were used to identify the hatchery-released individuals. In addition, this pedigree of hatchery populations (broodfish and hatchery-released offspring) was traced to detect the number of effective parents (Ne), the inbreeding coefficient and the decrease of genetic variability in the reproduction. The pedigree reconstruction showed that at least 69 (out of 93) broodfish had offspring. The estimated Ne was 54.8, consequently the inbreeding coefficient was 0.91%. The genetic diversity of hatchery-released offspring was lower than that in that of broodfish (heterozygosity alleles, 0.727–0.774), some alleles (number of alleles, 61–69) and genetic variance were lost during reproduction. It was observed that wild samples had higher levels of genetic diversity compared with hatchery populations as well as recaptured samples in releasing area. A total of 128 hatchery-released black sea bream were identified among 487 recaptured samples in ZRE, while a total of 15 samples were identified among 96 samples in DB. In summary, there was a high survival of released fish. Nevertheless, the results provided evidence to consider a loss of genetic variation in hatchery-released stock and a negative genetic effect of the stock enhancement.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allendorf F W, Phelps S R. 1980. Loss of genetic variation in a hatchery stock of cutthroat trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 109(5): 537–543, doi: https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1980)109<537:LOGVIA>2.0.CO;2
Bell J D, Leber K M, Blankenship H L, et al. 2008. A new era for restocking, stock enhancement and sea ranching of coastal fisheries resources. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 16(1–3): 1–9, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260701776951
Borrell Y J, Alvarez J, Blanco G, et al. 2011. A parentage study using microsatellite loci in a pilot project for aquaculture of the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. Aquaculture, 310(3–4): 305–311, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.025
Campton D E. 1995. Genetic effects of hatchery fish on wild populations of Pacific salmon and steelhead: what do we really know?. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 15: 337–353
Cheng Weiwei, Wang Dengqiang, Wei Qiwei, et al. 2014. Effect of restocking enkancement of Chinese sucker in the middle and upper reaches of Yangtze River based on microsatellite loci. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (in Chinese), 21(3): 574–580
Escalante M A, García-De-León F J, Dillman C B, et al. 2014. Genetic introgression of cultured rainbow trout in the Mexican native trout complex. Conservation Genetics, 15(5): 1063–1071, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0599-7
FAO. 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 5–6
Franklin I R. 1980. Evolutionary change in small populations. In: Soule M J, Wilcox B A, eds. Conservation Biology: an Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 135–149
Gall G A E. 1987. Inbreeding. In: Ryman N, Utter F, eds. Population Genetics & Fishery Management. Seattle, WA: University Washington Press, 47–87
Gonzalez E B, Aritaki M, Sakurai S, et al. 2013. Inference of potential genetic risks associated with large-scale releases of red sea bream in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis. Marine Biotechnology, 15(2): 206–220, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-012-9479-7
Gonzalez E B, Nagasawa K, Umino T. 2008. Stock enhancement program for black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) in Hiroshima Bay: monitoring the genetic effects. Aquaculture, 276(1–4): 36–43, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.004
Gonzalez E B, Taniguchi N, Umino T. 2010. Can ordinary single-day egg collection increase the effective population size in brood-stock management programs? Breeder-offspring assignment in black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) through two-hourly intervals. Aquaculture, 308: S12–S19, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.06.031
Hamasaki K, Toriya S, Shishidou H, et al. 2010. Genetic effects of hatchery fish on wild populations in red sea bream Pagrus major (Perciformes, Sparidae) inferred from a partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Fish Biology, 77(9): 2123–2136, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02826.x
Hara M, Sekino M. 2003. Efficient detection of parentage in a cultured Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus using microsatellite DNA marker. Aquaculture, 217(1–4): 107–114, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00069-8
Hedgecock D, Coykendall K. 2007. Genetic risks of marine hatchery enhancement: The good, the bad, and the unknown. In: Bert T M, ed. Ecological and Genetic Implications of Aquaculture Activities. Dordrecht: Springer Press, 85–101
Hedgecock D, Sly F. 1990. Genetic drift and effective population sizes of hatchery-propagated stocks of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture, 88(1): 21–38, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90316-F
Iguchi K I, Watanabe K, Nishida M. 1999. Reduced mitochondrial DNA variation in hatchery populations of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) cultured for multiple generations. Aquaculture, 178(3–4): 235–243, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00133-7
Jenkins W E, Denson M R, Bridgham C B, et al. 2004. Year-class component, growth, and movement of juvenile red drum stocked seasonally in a South Carolina estuary. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 24(2): 636–647, doi: https://doi.org/10.1577/M02-166.1
Jeong D S, Gonzalez E B, Morishima K, et al. 2007. Parentage assignment of stocked black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii in Hiroshima Bay using microsatellite DNA markers. Fisheries Science, 73(4): 823–830, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01402.x
Jeong D S, Umino T, Kuroda K, et al. 2003. Genetic divergence and population structure of black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli inferred from microsatellite analysis. Fisheries Science, 69(5): 896–902, doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00705.x
Kalinowski S T, Taper M L, Marshall T C. 2007. Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Molecular Ecology, 16(5): 1099–1106, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03089.x
Karlsson S, Saillant E, Bumguardner B W, et al. 2008. Genetic identification of hatchery-released red drum in Texas bays and estuaries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 28(4): 1294–1304, doi: https://doi.org/10.1577/M07-181.1
Lin Jin, Chen Tao, Chen Lin, et al. 2001. The techniques of Sparus marocephalus tagged and released in Daya Bay. Journal of Fisheries of China (in Chinese), 25(1): 79–83
Marshall T C, Slate J, Kruuk L E B, et al. 1998. Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. Molecular Ecology, 7(5): 639–655, doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00374.x
Meffe G K. 1986. Conservation genetics and the management of endangered fishes. Fisheries, 11(1): 14–23, doi: https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1986)011<0014:CGATMO>2.0.CO;2
Molony B W, Lenanton R, Jackson G, et al. 2003. Stock enhancement as a fisheries management tool. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 13(4): 409–432, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-004-1886-z
Nei M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89(3): 583–590, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/89.3.583
Perez-Enriquez R, Takagi M, Taniguchi N. 1999. Genetic variability and pedigree tracing of a hatchery-reared stock of red sea bream (Pagrus major) used for stock enhancement, based on microsatellite DNA markers. Aquaculture, 173(1–4): 413–423, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00469-4
Raymond M, Rousset F. 1995. GENEPOP (Version 1.2): population genetic software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 86(3): 248–249, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573
Rice W R. 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution, 43(1): 223–225, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04220.x
Sekino M, Hara M, Taniguchi N. 2002. Loss of microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA variation in hatchery strains of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 213(1–4): 101–122, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00885-7
Sekino M, Saitoh K, Yamada T, et al. 2005. Genetic tagging of released Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) based on polymorphic DNA markers. Aquaculture, 244(1–4): 49–61, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.006
Smith P J, Conroy A M. 1992. Loss of genetic variation in hatchery-produced abalone, Haliotis iris. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 26(1): 81–85, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1992.9516503
Støttrup J G, Sparrevohn C R, Modin J, et al. 2002. The use of releases of reared fish to enhance natural populations: a case study on turbot Psetta maxima (Linné, 1758). Fisheries Research, 59(1–2): 161–180, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00413-1
Taniguchi N, Sumantadinata K, Iyama S. 1983. Genetic change in the first and second generations of hatchery stock of black seabream. Aquaculture, 35: 309–320, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90103-5
Van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson W F, Wills D P M, et al. 2004. MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4(3): 535–538, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x
Waples R S. 1999. Dispelling some myths about hatcheries. Fisheries, 24(2): 12–21, doi: https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1999)024<0012:DSMAH>2.0.CO;2
Zhong Xiaming, Ni Jindi, Tang Jianhua, et al. 1998. Artificial reproduction and stock enhancement of Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Journal of Aquaculture (in Chinese), (5): 28–29
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Foundation item
The Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province under contract No. 2019B121201001; the National Key R&D Program of China under contract No. 2019YFD0901301; the Fund of China-Vietnam Joint Survey on Fish Stocks in the Common Fishing Zone of the Beibu Gulf; the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science under contract No. 2021SD14; the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund (China-Vietnam Fishery Stock Enhancement and Conservation in Beibu Gulf); the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 320QN358.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shan, B., Liu, Y., Song, N. et al. Parentage determination of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) for stock enhancement: effectiveness and loss of genetic variation. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 40, 41–49 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-020-1697-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-020-1697-7