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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alleviation of glutamate mediated neuronal insult by piroxicam in rodent model of focal cerebral ischemia: a possible mechanism of GABA agonism

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This article was retracted on 05 April 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

Neurotransmitter imbalance is an inevitable outcome in cerebral ischemia that leads to neuronal death. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of piroxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on extracellular brain glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release, survival time, and neuronal cell death. Transient focal cerebral ischemia in male Charles Foster rat led to neuronal infarction and compromised intrinsic antioxidant status. Thirty-minute preadministration of piroxicam (10 mg/kg b.w.) showed a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in cerebral infarct volume and potentiation of the intrinsic antioxidant status. High-performance liquid chromatography of brain cortex and striatum revealed changes in extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters which were found to be 0.519 ± 0.44 pmole/mg (GABA); 1.18 ± 0.28 pmole/mg (glutamate), and 0.63 ± 0.21 pmole/mg (serotonin), respectively. Hydroxyl radical (·OH) adduct of salicylate in the frontal cortex and striatum in control, untreated, and treated groups was found to be 0.261 ± 0.06, 0.68 ± 0.52, and 0.401 ± 0.68 pmole/mg, respectively. After stroke, the extracellular level of glutamate in rat brain increases continuously as compared to that of control group. However, piroxicam administration in stroke rat significantly reduced (P < 0.05) elevated extracellular cerebral glutamate. This indicates that piroxicam attenuates extracellular glutamate release and also reduces neuronal cell death due to reduction in oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia. Our results also indicate a consequent increase of extracellular GABA in brain regions administered with piroxicam, which hints that piroxicam alleviates glutamate excitotoxicity possibly by GABA agonism.

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Change history

  • 08 September 2020

    Editor's Note: Concerns have been raised about the integrity of the data reported in this article (Bhattacharya et al., 2014). This is currently being investigated. Further editorial action may be taken as appropriate once the investigation into the concerns is complete and all parties have been given an opportunity to respond in full.

  • 05 April 2022

    This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-022-00889-2

Abbreviations

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyric acid

Glu:

Glutamate

2,3-DHBA:

2,3-Dihydroxy benzoic acid

2,5-DHBA:

2,5-Dihydroxy benzoic acid

NSAID:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

SA:

Salicylic acid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA

    Pallab Bhattacharya

  2. School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India

    Pallab Bhattacharya, Anand Kumar Pandey, Sudip Paul & Ranjana Patnaik

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, India

    Sudip Paul

Authors
  1. Pallab Bhattacharya
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  2. Anand Kumar Pandey
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  3. Sudip Paul
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  4. Ranjana Patnaik
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Correspondence to Pallab Bhattacharya or Ranjana Patnaik.

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Pallab Bhattacharya and Anand Kumar Pandey have equal contribution

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Bhattacharya, P., Pandey, A.K., Paul, S. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Alleviation of glutamate mediated neuronal insult by piroxicam in rodent model of focal cerebral ischemia: a possible mechanism of GABA agonism. J Physiol Biochem 70, 901–913 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-014-0358-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-014-0358-8

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