Abstract
“Distributing condoms is not the answer to curbing the spread of HIV in Africa”, Pope Benedict XVI said heading to Yaoundé, Cameroon, as part of a 7-day pilgrimage to the african continent in March 2009. This paper discusses this statement and reports the results of the strategy sexual transmission of the HIV in Uganda, with the leadership of President Museveni, has acted with a clear and determined strategy called the “ABC” approach (abstinence, delay of sexual debut, fidelity, use of condoms). As reported in this paper the major factor for the decline of prevalence of HIV in Uganda was the reduction in casual, multi-partners sex (the B of ABC). There is limited or no direct evidence that the common and popular prevention measures [including condom social marketing, voluntary counselling and testing programs (VCT), syndromic or mass treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)] have contributed to the reduction or slowing down of HIV in generalised epidemics. The drivers of the changes happening in several African countries instead are behaviours so clearly in line with Catholic teaching. Moreover, the recent levelling trends of HIV prevalence in Uganda can be attributed to the ‘moving away’ from the original and verified indigenous Ugandan strategy due to pressure by Western experts and organisations to change the focus from the effective A and (especially) B to the debatable C. As a conclusion, data and scientific evidence suggest that instead of being criticised, the Pope’s message about condoms should be a wakeup call to the proven realities regarding the dynamics of HIV transmission, not only in Uganda but in all of sub-Saharan Africa.
Riassunto
La distribuzione di preservativi non è la risposta alla diffusione dell’AIDS in Africa, ha detto il Papa Benedetto XVI mentre si dirigeva a Yaoundé, Camerun, durante il suo pellegrinaggio di 7 giorni nel continente africano, nel marzo 2009. Le sue affermazioni sono sostenute da evidenze scientifiche in Uganda e nella maggior parte dei paesi africani. L’Uganda con la guida del presidente Museveni ha agito con una strategia chiara e determinata, basata sull’ABC (Astinenza: posticipamento del debutto sessuale, Fedeltà, Uso del preservativo). Il fattore preponderante nel declino della prevalenza dell’HIV in Uganda è stata la riduzione dei rapporti sessuali casuali con molti partners (il B dell’ABC). Vi è una limitata o neppure diretta evidenza che le comuni e più conosciute misure preventive (includendo il marketing sociale dei condoms, il test volontario e il counselling, il trattamento sindromico o di massa delle malattie sessualmente trasmissibili) abbiano contribuito alla riduzione o al rallentamento della diffusione dell’HIV nelle epidemie generalizzate. I determinanti dei cambiamenti avvenuti in numerosi paesi africani sono comportamenti chiaramente in linea con l’insegnamento della Chiesa Cattolica. Inoltre le recenti tendenze verso un livellamento della prevalenza in Uganda possono essere attribuite ad un “discostarsi” dall’originale e verificata strategia indigena ugandese dovuta ad una inaccettabile pressione da parte di esperti ed organizzazioni occidentali per spostare l’attenzione dagli efficaci A e (soprattutto) B verso il discutibi le C. In conclusione dati ed evidenze scientifiche confermano che il messaggio del Papa circa la lotta all’AIDS invece di essere biasimato o censurato, dovrebbe essere un richiamo alle ben dimostrate dinamiche della trasmissione dell’HIV, non solo in Uganda, ma in tutta l’Africa.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
UNAIDS/WHO (2008) Report on the global AIDS Epidemic
Kaiser Family Foundation (2009). Fact sheet April 2009: the global HIV/AIDS epidemic http://www.kff.org/hivaids/upload/303013.pdf (accessed on 18th June 2009)
WHO (2008) Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector http://www.who.int/entity/hiv/pub/towards_universal_access_report_2008.pdf
UNAIDS/WHO (2008) Core slides: global summary of the HIV and AIDS epidemic http://www.who.int/hiv/data/coverage1207/en/index.html
Green EC, Halperin DT, Nantulya V, Hogle JA (2006) Uganda’s HIV prevention success: the role of sexual behavior change and the national response. AIDS Behav 10:347–350
Green E, Nantulya V, Stoneburner R, Stover J (2002) What happened in Uganda? — declining HIV prevalence, behavior change and national rResponse. USAID, available at http://www.synergyaids.com/Documents/WhatHappenedUganda.pdf
Uganda AIDS Commission/UNAIDS (2009) Uganda: HIV prevention response and modes of transmission analysis http://www.unaidsrstesa.org/files/u1/Uganda_MoT_Country_Synthesis_Report_7April09_0.pdf
Uganda Ministry of Health (2006) Uganda HIV/AIDS serobehavioural survey 2004-05. Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, and ORC Macro, Calverton. Maryland, USA http://fetcher.fw-notify.net/0000005388-1754801376/PNADG508.pdf accessed 16 07 09
UNICEF/National Resistance Movement Secretariat/Ministry of Health (1989) Control of AIDS: Action for Survival. Guidelines for Resistance Committees on the Control of AIDS: Action for survival”; Kampala
Museveni YK (1991). VII International AIDS Conference, Florence — Italy Sunday, 16 June 1991
AMREF Uganda (2001) Delayed sexual debut among primary school pupils (13–16 years) following IEC. The effects of the Katakwi/Soroti School Health and AIDS prevention project report, Kampala
Mbulaiteye SM, Mahe C, Whitworth JAG et al (2002) Declining HIV-1 incidence and associated prevalence over 10 years in a rural population in south-west Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet, 360:41–46
USAID (2008). The ABCs of AIDS Prevention. Available at http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/aids/News/abcfactsheet.html
Bessinger R, Akwara P, Halperin D (2003) Sexual behavior, HIV and fertility trends: a comparative analysis of six countries; phase I of the ABC Study. USAID, Washington
Cheluget B, Baltazar G, Orege P et al. Evidence for population level declines in adult HIV prevalence in Kenya. Sex Transm Infect 82[Suppl 1]: i21–i6
Kenya DHS. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR151/FR151.pdf
Uganda DHS: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/SR126/SR126.pdf http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/metadata.cfm?surv_id=266&ctry_id=44&SrvyTp=ctry&cn=Uganda
Zimbabwe DHS: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR186/FR186.pdf http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR186/Zimbabwe-Errata.pdf
Malawi DHS: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/FR175-MW04.pdf http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/HF7/Ma lawi_HIV_factsheet.pdf
Tanzania DHS: http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/metadata.cfm?surv_id=304&ctry_id=39&SrvyTp=ctry&cn=Tan zania
Ciantia F (2004) HIV seroprevalence in Northern Uganda: the complex relationship between AIDS and conflict. J Med Pers 2: 172–175
Lowicki-Zucca M, Spiegel P, Ciantia F (2005) AIDS, conflict and the media in Africa: risks in reporting bad data badly. Emerg Them Epidemiol 2:12
Spiegel PB (2004) HIV/AIDS among conflict-affected and displaced populations: dispelling myths and taking action. Disasters 28:322–339
Spiegel P, Harroff-Tavel H (2006) HIV/AIDS and internally displaced persons in 8 priority countries, January 2006 — UNHCR and IASC. Available at www.unhcr.org/home/RSDLEGAL/4414462d4.pdf
Shafer LA, Biraro S, Nakiyngi J et al (2008) HIV prevalence and incidence are no longer falling in South West Uganda: evidence from rural population cohort 1989 — 2005. AIDS 22:1641–1649
Opio A, Mishra V, Hong R et al (2008) Trends in HIV-related behaviours and knowledge in Uganda, 1989 — 2005: evidence of a shift towards more risk-taking behaviours. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49:320–326
Stoneburner RL, Low-Beer D (2004) Population-level HIV declines and behavioral risk avoidance in Uganda. Science 304:714–718
Hardee K, Gribble J, Weber S et al (2008) Reclaiming the ABCs — The creation and evolution of the ABC approach. 2008 Population Action International. Available at http://www.populationaction.org/Publications/Reports/Reclaiming_the_ABCs/ABC.pdf
Gregson S, Adamson S, Papaya S et al (2007) Impact and process evaluation of integrated community and clinic-based HIV-1 control: A cluster-randomised trial in eastern Zimbabwe PLoS Med 4:545–555
UNAIDS (1999) Trends in HIV incidence and prevalence: natural course of the epidemic or results of behaviour change? UNAIDS, Geneva
Stephenson JM, Obasi A (2004) HIV risk reduction in adolescents. Lancet 363:1177–1178
Kamali A, Quigley M, Nakiyingi JS et al (2003) Syndromic management of STIs and behaviour change interventions on transmission of HIV-1 in rural Uganda: a community randomised trial. Lancet 361:645–652
Quigley M, Kamali A, Kinsman J et al (2004) The impact of attending a behavioural intervention on HIV incidence in Masaka, Uganda. AIDS 18: 2055–2063
Sherr L et al (2007) Voluntary HIV testing in rural Zimbabwe — what is the uptake, impact on sexual behaviour and HIV incidence 3 years later? Third South African AIDS Conference, Durban, abstract 46
Matovu JKB, Gray RH, Kiwanuka N et al (2005) Voluntary HIV counselling and testing acceptance, sexual risk behaviour and HIV incidence in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 19:503–511
Padian NS, van der Straten A, Ramjee G et al (2007) Diaphragm and lubricant gel for prevention of HIV acquisition in southern African women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 379:251–261
Gray RH, Wawer MJ (2007) Randomised trials for HIV prevention. Lancet 370:200–201
Shelton JD (2007) Ten myths and one truth about generalised HIV epidemics. Lancet 370:1809–1811
Wilson D (2004) Partner reduction and the prevention of HIV/AIDS: the most effective strategies come from communities. BMJ 328:848–849
Shelton JD (2006) Confessions of a condom lover. Lancet 368:1947–1949
Benedict XVI (2009) Press conference on route to Cameroon — Our Faith is Hope by definition. Available at http://www.zenit.org/article-25405?l=english
Marum E, Madraa E (1999) A decade of an effective national response to AIDS: a review of the Uganda experience. Draft ms
Low-Beer D (2003) This is a routinely avoidable disease. Financial Times, 28 Nov, 2003
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12682-009-0034-x
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ciantia, F., Orach, S., Pariyo, G.W. et al. HIV prevention conundrum: did the Pope have a case?. J Med Pers 7, 63–69 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12682-009-0018-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12682-009-0018-x