Abstract
Objectives
The impact of smartphone overuse on mental health has been increasingly reported. Reduced levels of mindful attention may potentially be implicated in the relationship between smartphone overuse and psychiatric symptoms, although no study has yet examined its potential mediating effects. In two separate epidemiological and longitudinal youth samples, we examined the influences of smartphone overuse and reduced mindful attention on depressive symptoms and functioning for up to 6 months, and the potential mediating role of mindful attention between smartphone overuse and depressive symptoms.
Method
Data were collected from 3210 participants from a household-based epidemiological youth mental health study and 314 participants from a longitudinal community-based youth mental health study in Hong Kong between 2019 and 2021.
Results
Higher smartphone overuse and lower mindful attention were significantly associated with depressive symptoms and functional impairments (more days of lost/reduced productivity) at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Regression analyses revealed that lower mindful attention contributed significantly to both baseline and 6-month depressive symptoms beyond smartphone overuse and personal demographics. Reduced mindful attention also significantly mediated the effects of smartphone overuse on both current and 6-month depressive symptoms, even when accounting for baseline depressive symptoms and mindful attention.
Conclusions
The study confirmed the long-term impact of smartphone overuse on depressive symptoms and functioning in young people and the mediating role of mindful attention. Facilitating mindful use of smartphones can be an important future intervention target. Further research should be conducted to confirm these observations in other populations and contexts.
Pre-registration
This study is not pre-registered.
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Data Availability
Data of this study are not openly available on public domains due to confidentiality concerns. Nevertheless, the data presented in the current manuscript could be made available upon reasonable request. Inquiries may be submitted to the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all the young people in both Study 1 and Study 2 for their participation, as well as the eight youth centers in supporting the recruitment of the longitudinal youth sample in Study 2.
Funding
Study 1 is funded by Phase I of the Commissioned Study on Mental Health Survey, Food and Health Bureau, HKSAR Government (Reference number: MHS-P1 (Part 2)), while Study 2 is funded by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust (Funding reference number: 2020/0012/001).
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SWMY, TTYL, and EYHC were responsible for the design and conceptualization of the study and interpretation of the results. SWMY and TTYL searched the published work, analyzed the data, wrote the initial drafts, and revised the manuscript. SWMY, CLMH, and EYHC supervised the study. All authors contributed to the revision of and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster for both studies.
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E. Y. H. Chen has received speaker honoraria from Otsuka and DSK BioPharma, research funding from Otsuka, participated in paid advisory boards for Janssen and DSK BioPharma, and received funding to attend conferences from Otsuka and DSK BioPharma. All other authors declare no competing interests.
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Wong, S.M.Y., Lau, T.T.Y., Hui, C.L.M. et al. Mindful Attention as a Mediator Between Smartphone Overuse and Depressive Symptoms for Up to 6 Months Among Young People: Findings from Two Separate Epidemiological and Longitudinal Community Studies. Mindfulness 14, 2044–2054 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02185-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02185-6