Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Mindful Parenting Program (MPP) on the executive function and brain function of parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Method
One hundred thirteen parents of children with ADHD were randomly assigned to the 8-week MPP or the Treatment as Usual waitlist control group (TAU). The stroop test, spatial working memory test, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) were administered at baseline and postintervention. In addition, the time-by-group interaction of the participants was measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The effects of the MPP on the executive function and functional connectivity (FC) of the brain were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results
For executive function, there was a significant time-by-group interaction effect on BRIEF-Initiation (F=4.42, p=0.038, Cohen’s d=0.19) and BRIEF-Shift scores (F=4.01, p=0.048, Cohen’s d=0.23). Only 16 participants in the MPP group and 15 in the TAU waitlist control were included for fNIRS analysis. Compared with those in the TAU waitlist control group, the MPP group had increased FC in the right default mode network (DMN-R), and left frontoparietal network (FPN-L), DMN-R-left ventral attention network (VAN-L), DMN-R-left visual network (VN-L), VAN-L-right ventral attention network (VAN-R), VAN-L, and left visual network (VN-L). In contrast to the MPP group, the TAU waitlist control group had decreased FC in the left sensorimotor network (SMN-L)-VN-L. The improvements in BRIEF-Shift scores were correlated with VN(L)-SMN(L). However, no results were significant after false discovery rate correction, a statistical method to control for multiple comparisons.
Conclusions
The MPP appears to have beneficial effects on the executive function and brain function of parents of children with ADHD. However, these findings need to be confirmed in further studies.
Preregistration
https://www.chictr.org.cn; ChiCTR1800019215 (registered in 2018/08/31)
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Data/Code Availability
Data is only available via a request to the authors because of the private issue of the clinical data.
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571340, 81873802, 82271575), the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH: 2022-2-4114; 2020-2-4112), the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 program 2014CB846104), and the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (ID 2017-I2M-3-003 ).
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PL and NL: conceptualization; data curation; investigation; formal analysis; writing — original draft; GJ: provided support and for statistical analysis of fNIRS; revised the manuscript. HL: data curation, project administration, resources; supervision; YW: project administration; resources; LL: conceptualization; investigation; methodology; writing and review and editing; HN: methodology, software; writing — review and editing; QQ: conceptualization; funding acquisition; project administration; validation; writing — review and editing.
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Liu, P., Liu, N., Jia, G. et al. Effects of Mindful Parenting Program on the Executive Function and Resting State Brain Functional Connectivity for Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Mindfulness 14, 1868–1881 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02178-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02178-5