Abstract
Objectives
Self-compassion allows one to accept themselves, lower self-criticism and self-judgement and view one's failures and setbacks in a balanced way. Self-compassion in adolescents is an important protective factor against mental distress. However, it is subject to gender and cultural influences. In light of the paucity of self-compassion scales in adolescents, it is crucial to explore measurement invariance of self-compassion measures in adolescents across cultures for its future clinical application in measuring the outcome of compassion-based interventions. The current study validated the Self-Compassion Scale for Youth (SCS-Y) in a large cross-cultural sample.
Method
A community sample of 2881 of adolescents aged 12–18 years across Hong Kong, China and the UK were recruited through the online platform Qualtrics. Psychometric properties of the SCS-Y were examined including its reliability and concurrent validity, and a Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model was adopted to test measurement invariance of the SCS-Y while differential item functioning (DIF) was checked across gender and countries.
Results
Examination of the SCS-Y revealed good psychometric properties including a high reliability, discriminant validity and concurrent validity with SCS. A MIMIC model yielded good model fit for a hypothetical 6-factor model fit (CFI = 0.980; TLI = 0.974; RMSEA = 0.038). Two items were detected for DIF across country.
Conclusion
The study established good psychometric properties for SCS-Y including measurement invariance across gender and country. This analysis prepares the SCS-Y for subsequent evaluation of compassion-focused therapy for young people across cultures.
Preregistration
This study was not pre-registered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data is available upon emailing Dr. H. N. Cheung at amy.hn.cheung@hku.hk.
References
Alispahic, S., & Hasanbegovic-Anic, E. (2017). Mindfulness: Age and gender differences on a Bosnian sample. Psychological Thought, 10(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v10i1.224
Baker, F. B. (2001). The basics of item response theory (2nd ed.). ERIC.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bento, E., Xavier, S., Azevedo, J., Marques, M., Freitas, V., Soares, M. J., Martins, M. J., Xavier, A., Castilho, P., Morais, S., Macedo, A., & Pereira, A. T. (2016). Validation of the Self-Compassion Scale in a community sample of Portuguese pregnant women. European Psychiatry, 33(S1), S238–S238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.598
Birkett, M. A. (2013). Self-compassion and empathy across cultures: Comparison of young adults in China and the United States. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 3(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2013.551
Brenner, R. E., Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L., & Credé, M. (2017). Two is more valid than one: Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(6), 696–707. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000211
Brenner, R. E., Vogel, D. L., Lannin, D. G., Engel, K. E., Seidman, A. J., & Heath, P. J. (2018). Do self-compassion and self-coldness distinctly relate to distress and well-being? A theoretical model of self-relating. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(3), 346–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000257
Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Sage.
Chalmers, R. P. (2012). mirt : A multidimensional item response theory package for the R environment. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(6), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i06
Chen, J., Yan, L. S., & Zhou, L. H. (2011). Reliability and validity of Chinese version of Self-Compassion Scale. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(06): 734–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/2Fj.jesf.2021.10.001
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2004). Perceived parental rearing style, self-esteem and self-criticism as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOHS.0000021704.35267.05
Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
Cleare, S., Gumley, A., Cleare, C. J., & O’Connor, R. C. (2018). An investigation of the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale. Mindfulness, 9(2), 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0803-1
Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Castilho, P. (2016). Validation of the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale: Testing the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the measure among borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and general populations. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(5), 460–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1974
Cunha, M., Xavier, A., & Castilho, P. (2016). Understanding self-compassion in adolescents: Validation study of the Self-Compassion Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.023
Eapen, V., & Crncec, R. (2012). Strategies and challenges in the management of adolescent depression. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e32834de3bd
Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in Adolescence. Child Development, 38(4), 1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127100
Elkind, D. (1976). Child development in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 12(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461527609529155
Finlay-Jones, A. L. (2017). The relevance of self-compassion as an intervention target in mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review based on an emotion regulation framework. Clinical Psychologist, 21(2), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12131
Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., & Zumbo, B. D. (2012). Estimating ordinal reliability for Likert-type and ordinal item response data: A conceptual, empirical, and practical guide. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.7275/n560-j767
Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043
Han, H. (2014, January). Analyze cultural affection on accounting research in UK and China by Hofstede’s cultural study and supported by Gray’s model. [Undergraduate paper, Teesside University]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265192326_The_research_of_difference_between_UK_and_China_by_Hofstede_Model
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
House, R. J., & House, R. J. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
Huang, L., Chen, Z., Jiang, W., Qu, D., Wang, Y., Fang, X., Han, H., Huang, C., Li, Z., & Chi, X. (2022). Validation of the Chinese version of Self-Compassion Scale for Youth (SCS-Y). Mindfulness, 13(12), 3166–3178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-02024-0
Jensen de López, K., Rosenberg, K. B., Hansen, T. G. B., & Knudsen, H. B. S. (2023). Short report: Self-compassion and satisfaction with life in Danish adolescents with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): “We are all in the same boat.” Research in Developmental Disabilities, 134, 104400–104406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104400
Johnson, D. P., & Whisman, M. A. (2013). Gender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(4), 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.019
Joo, M., Terzino, K. A., Cross, S. E., Yamaguchi, N., & Ohbuchi, K.-I. (2019). How does culture shape conceptions of forgiveness? Evidence from Japan and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(5), 676–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119845502
Kazdin, A. E. (1993). Adolescent mental health: Prevention and treatment programs. American Psychologist, 48(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.2.127
Kitayama, S., & Uchida, Y. (2003). Explicit self-criticism and implicit self-regard: Evaluating self and friend in two cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 476–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00026-X
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1245–1267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1245
Lewis, J. R., & Sauro, J. (2009, July 19-24). The factor structure of the System Usability Scale. [Conference paper]. Human Centered Design, First International Conference, HCD 2009, Held as Part of HCI International 2009, San Diego, CA, USA.
Lin, Y., Xie, H., Huang, Z., Zhang, Q., Wilson, A., Hou, J., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., Pan, B., Liu, Y., Han, M., & Chen, R. (2021). The mental health of transgender and gender non-conforming people in China: A systematic review. The Lancet Public Health, 6(12), e954–e969. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00236-X
Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis. Psychology Press.
Löffler, C. S., & Greitemeyer, T. (2021). Are women the more empathetic gender? The effects of gender role expectations. Current Psychology, 42, 220–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01260-8
Lopez Angarita, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J. (2015). A reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s total score: Self-compassion versus self-criticism. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0132940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132940
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
Mantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., & Giannou, K. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Greek versions of the Self-Compassion and Mindful Attention and Awareness Scales. Mindfulness, 6(1), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0237-3
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., & Morin, A. J. S. (2013). Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects. Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1194–1218. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026913
Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W. Y., & MacBeth, A. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents—A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1011–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0850-7
Masyn, K. E. (2017). Measurement invariance and differential item functioning in latent class analysis with stepwise multiple indicator multiple cause modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 24(2), 180–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1254049
Meng, R., Yu, Y., Chai, S., Luo, X., Gong, B., Liu, B., Hu, Y., Luo, Y., & Yu, C. (2019). Examining psychometric properties and measurement invariance of a Chinese version of the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) in nursing students and medical workers. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 793–809. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S216411
Miles, J., & Shevlin, M. (2007). A time and a place for incremental fit indices. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 869–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.022
Miller, C. A., Guidry, J. P. D., Dahman, B., & Thomson, M. D. (2020). A tale of two diverse qualtrics samples: Information for online survey researchers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 29(4), 731–735. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-19-0846
Miyagawa, Y., & Neff, K. D. (2023). How self-compassion operates within individuals: An examination of latent profiles of state self-compassion in the U.S. and Japan. Mindfulness, 14(6), 1371–1382.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02143-2
Montero-Marin, J., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Gu, J., Baer, R., Al-Awamleh, A. A., Akutsu, S., Araya-Véliz, C., Ghorbani, N., Chen, Z. J., Kim, M.-S., Mantzios, M., Rolim Dos Santos, D. N., Serramo López, L. C., Teleb, A. A., Watson, P. J., Yamaguchi, A., Yang, E., & García-Campayo, J. (2018). Self-compassion and cultural values: A cross-cultural study of self-compassion using a Multitrait-Multimethod (MTMM) analytical procedure. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2638–2638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02638
Muris, P., & Otgaar, H. (2022). Deconstructing self-compassion: How the continued use of the total score of the Self-Compassion Scale hinders studying a protective construct within the context of psychopathology and stress. Mindfulness, 13(6), 1403–1409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01898-4
Muris, P., van den Broek, M., Otgaar, H., Oudenhoven, I., & Lennartz, J. (2018). Good and bad sides of self-compassion: A face validity check of the Self-Compassion Scale and an investigation of its relations to coping and emotional symptoms in non-clinical adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(8), 2411–2421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1099-z
Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Chen, Y. Y., Ghazali, S. R., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Sex differences in PTSD symptoms: A differential item functioning approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(3), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000355
Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
Neff, K. D. (2016). The Self-Compassion Scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
Neff, K. D., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hsieh, Y.-P. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(3), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022108314544
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., & Hutz, C. S. (2019). Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 diverse samples: Support for use of a total score and six subscale scores. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000629
Neff, K. D., Bluth, K., Tóth-Király, I., Davidson, O., Knox, M. C., Williamson, Z., & Costigan, A. (2020). Development and Validation of the Self-Compassion Scale for Youth. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1729774
Ng, C. S., & Hurry, J. (2011). Depression amongst Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: An evaluation of a stress moderation model. Social Indicators Research, 100(3), 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9626-3
Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. The American Psychologist, 54(9), 741–754. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.741
Piaget, J. (1950). The psychology of intelligence. Brace: Harcourt.
Pyszkowska, A., & Rönnlund, M. (2021). Psychological flexibility and self-compassion as predictors of well-being: Mediating role of a balanced time perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 671746. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671746
Ramzan, N., & Amjad, N. (2017). Cross cultural variation in emotion regulation: A systematic review. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 23(1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v23i1.1512
Raykov, T., Marcoulides, G. A., Lee, C.-L., & Chang, C. (2013). Studying differential item functioning via latent variable modeling: A note on a multiple-testing procedure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(5), 898–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413478165
Revelle, W. R. (Photographer) (2015). psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research (Version 1.5.4). Software.
Revelle, W. R. (Photographer) (2017). psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research. Software.
Samejima, F. (1968). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores 1. ETS Research Bulletin Series, 1968(1), i–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1968.tb00153.x
Spencer-Rodgers, J., Peng, K., Wang, L., & Hou, Y. (2004). Dialectical self-esteem and east-west differences in psychological well-being. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(11), 1416–1432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264243
Spencer-Rodgers, J., Boucher, H. C., Peng, K., & Wang, L. (2009). Cultural differences in self-verification: The role of naïve dialecticism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.004
Stewart, S. M., Kennard, B. D., Lee, P. W., Hughes, C. W., Mayes, T. L., Emslie, G. J., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2004). A cross-cultural investigation of cognitions and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(2), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.2.248
Sun, X., Chan, D. W., & Chan, L. (2016). Self-compassion and psychological well-being among adolescents in Hong Kong: Exploring gender differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 288–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.011
Tanaka, J. S. (1987). “How big is big enough?”: Sample size and goodness of fit in structural equation models with latent variables. Child Development, 58(1), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130296
Tang, X., Tang, S., Ren, Z., & Wong, D. F. K. (2019). Prevalence of depressive symptoms among adolescents in secondary school in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.043
Tóth-Király, I., & Neff, K. D. (2021). Is self-compassion universal? Support for the measurement invariance of the Self-Compassion Scale across populations. Assessment, 28(1), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191120926232
Tóth-Király, I., Bőthe, B., & Orosz, G. (2017). Exploratory structural equation modeling analysis of the Self-Compassion Scale. Mindfulness, 8(4), 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0662-1
Tsai, M. Y. (2015). Construction and factorial validation of the Chinese version of the Self-Compassion Scale for gifted students. Psychology Research, 5(11), 634–644. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5542/2015.11.003
Williams, L. J., Ford, L. R., & Nguyen, N. (2002). Basic and advanced measurement models for confirmatory factor analysis. In E. S. Rogelberg (Ed.), Research methods in industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 366–389). Blackwell Publishers.
Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966
Yarnell, L. M., Neff, K. D., Davidson, O. A., & Mullarkey, M. (2018). Gender differences in self-compassion: Examining the role of gender role orientation. Mindfulness, 10(6), 1136–1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1066-1
Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051
Zhang, Y.-L., Liang, W., Chen, Z.-M., Zhang, H.-M., Zhang, J.-H., Weng, X.-Q., Yang, S.-C., Zhang, L., Shen, L.-J., & Zhang, Y.-L. (2013). Validity and reliability of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 to screen for depression among college students in China. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 5(4), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12103
Zhang, H., Watson-Singleton, N. N., Pollard, S. E., Pittman, D. M., Lamis, D. A., Fischer, N. L., Patterson, B., & Kaslow, N. J. (2019). Self-criticism and depressive symptoms Mediating role of self-compassion. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 80(2), 202–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817729609
Zhao, M., Smithson, J., Ford, T., Wang, P., Wong, N. Y. B., & Karl, A. (2021). Self-compassion in Chinese young adults: Specific features of the construct from a cultural perspective. Mindfulness, 12(11), 2718–2728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01734-1
Funding
The current study is funded by Hong Kong Metropolitan University under the Research and Development Scheme (PACRD/R6423).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Dr. Ho Nam Cheung, lead author and corresponding author, designed the study, collected data, ran analysis, and drafted the first manuscript.
Miss. Wing Shan Ho, second author, prepared demographic statistics and drafted part of the result section.
Dr. Habibi Asgarabad, M helped double-checked the data analysis and revised tables and results in the last resubmission.
Prof. Stella Chan, joint last author, reviewed the study and the manuscript.
Prof. Jo Williams, joint last author, reviewed the study and the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
The study had been approved by the ethics committee of the Hong Kong Metropolitan University and has, therefore, been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All participants provided informed consent prior to their participation in the study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Habibi Asgarabad, M., S. W. Y. Chan and J. Williams joint last authorship.
M. Habibi Asgarabad, S. W. Y. Chan, and J. Williams are the joint last authorship.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Cheung, H.N., Ho, W.S., Habibi Asgarabad, M. et al. A Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model of the Self-Compassion Scale Youth (SCS-Y) and investigation of differential item functioning in China, Hong Kong and UK adolescents. Mindfulness 14, 1967–1979 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02170-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02170-z