Abstract
Objectives
Mindfulness-based programmes (MBPs) show potential for universal prevention in schools, given that they target shared risk factors underpinning common mental health disorders. High-quality research in youth remains limited, but suggests that MBPs may be less effective in early- versus mid-adolescents.
Methods
This randomised controlled trial tested the acceptability of an 8-week MBP in year 8 (Mage 13.7) and year 10 (Mage 15.5) students (N = 434; 48.2% female) and compared outcomes (mindfulness, depression, anxiety, eating disorder risk factors, wellbeing) to normal curricular controls.
Results
Levels of acceptability were moderate and did not differ by age band. For younger students, there were no differences at post-intervention for mindfulness students compared to controls (Cohen’s d < .22) but at 3-month follow-up, the mindfulness group were worse in wellbeing (Cohen’s d = − .25; 95% CI − .49, − .01) and two aspects of mindfulness (Awareness of External Environment, d = − .30; − .55, − .06; Decentering and Nonreactivity, d = − .39; − .63, − .15). For older students, there were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups at post-intervention (Cohen’s d < .17) or follow-up (d < .22).
Conclusions
We suggest that the use of formal meditation in unscreened conscript early teens may be unwise. Further research is needed to identify acceptable and effective age appropriate modifications of MBPs for early- and mid-adolescents before they can be supported as universal interventions in schools. Suggestions are made for ongoing research in this area.
Trial Registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ANZCTR 12,617,000,471,381
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Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the Channel 7 Children’s Research Foundation.
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CJ: designed the study, recruited schools, delivered the intervention, undertook the data analyses and wrote the manuscript. TW: collaborated with the design, analysis, writing and editing of the manuscript.
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All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Social and Behavioural Research Ethics Committee of Flinders University (Adelaide, South Australia; project number 2169) and the Department of Education (South Australia; project number CS-17-000747-1.1). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants in the study.
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Johnson, C., Wade, T. Acceptability and Effectiveness of an 8-week Mindfulness Program in Early- and Mid-adolescent School Students: a Randomised Controlled Trial. Mindfulness 12, 2473–2486 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01716-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01716-3