Abstract
Objectives
Whereas much research has demonstrated the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on emotional well-being, less work has examined the effects of mindfulness training on affect dynamics, referring to the dynamic processes through which affect fluctuates in daily life. The present study investigated the effects of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR) versus an active control condition (music therapy stress reduction, MTSR) on several indicators of affect dynamics, namely affect variability, affect instability, and affect inertia, and difficulties with emotion regulation in a Chinese adult sample based in Singapore.
Methods
One hundred and fifty-eight participants were recruited and randomly assigned to receive MBSR or MTSR. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires, followed by 3 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measuring a variety of emotions at pre- and post-intervention. Of these participants, 121 provided baseline EMA data.
Results
Intent-to-treat analyses (n = 121) indicated that participants in the MBSR condition showed significantly greater decreases in variability (p < .001) and instability of negative affect (p < .001), and emotion regulation difficulties (p = .040) compared to the MTSR group. No between-condition differences were found on changes in affect inertia and any of the affect dynamic indicators for positive emotions.
Conclusions
The study suggests that MBSR may have a unique impact on dynamics of negative, as opposed to positive emotions. The findings lend further support to the role of mindfulness training in facilitating effective regulation of negative emotions in the context of everyday life.
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Acknowledgements
The study team would like to acknowledge Anne Chong, Ha My Bui, Evelyn Lee, Sheryl Bathman, Ai Tee Ho, Lynn Yi Xiu Koh, and Chi-Yen Chang for their valuable contributions to the study.
Funding
This work was funded by the Templeton World Charity Foundation Grant (TWCF0087) awarded to PSL and RPE.
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SLK: conceptualized and designed the study, and drafted the manuscript. EMWT: conducted data analyses and drafted the manuscript. ELYT: conducted data analyses. RPE: conceptualized the study. PSL: reviewed and edited the manuscript. Shian-Ling Keng and Eddie M. W. Tong share co-first authorship, while Richard P. Ebstein and Poh San Lai share co-last authorship on this manuscript.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by National University of Singapore’s Institutional Review Board.
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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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Keng, SL., Tong, E.M.W., Yan, E.T.L. et al. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Affect Dynamics: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Mindfulness 12, 1490–1501 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01617-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01617-5