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The Utility of Heart Rate Variability in Mindfulness Research

Mindfulness volume 11, pages 554–570 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Objectives

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological marker of health with higher values representing a more efficient autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is responsible for maintaining and regulating the body’s organs. Higher HRV is also associated with self-regulation and skills necessary to manage thoughts, emotions, and goals. HRV theoretically overlaps with neurobiological mechanisms associated with mindfulness training, particularly those located in neural regions involved in self-regulation. Due to this association, HRV has become an increasingly utilized biomarker in mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) research. Yet, the utility of HRV in MBI research has not been thoroughly examined nor substantiated. In this scoping review, we aim to determine how HRV has been assessed and analyzed in the MBI literature. We attempt to synthesize relevant findings while highlighting variability in the assessment of HRV across MBI studies.

Methods

We conducted a search of Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases, which yielded 17 original MBI studies (11 experimental and 6 quasi-experimental) that included HRV assessment.

Results

Among the more rigorously designed and executed studies, we identified an increase in HRV reactivity (corresponding to adaptive changes of HRV in response to a task/stressor) following implementation of an MBI among non-clinical samples.

Conclusions

Although review findings support the utility of HRV as an objective biomarker capable of demonstrating MBI effects, more research is needed to address the high variability in methods across studies. We discuss major limitations and offer recommendations for future research utilizing HRV measurement in MBI research trials.

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Funding

This manuscript was written with the support of a National Cancer Institute T32 Predoctoral Fellowship (T32CA009492-33).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA

    Georgia Christodoulou, Neda Salami & David S. Black

Authors
  1. Georgia Christodoulou
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  2. Neda Salami
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  3. David S. Black
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Contributions

GC, NS, and DSB all collaborated in the writing of the manuscript. Additionally, GC and NS conducted the literature review and extraction of the data.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Georgia Christodoulou.

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Christodoulou, G., Salami, N. & Black, D.S. The Utility of Heart Rate Variability in Mindfulness Research. Mindfulness 11, 554–570 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01296-3

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