Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Associations between Mindfulness Facets and PTSD Symptom Severity in Psychiatric Inpatients

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Mindfulness Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current study concurrently examined associations of mindfulness facets with PTSD symptom severity and symptom cluster severity in a trauma-exposed, psychiatric inpatient sample. Participants included 152 psychiatric inpatients (42.1% women; mage = 33.86, SD = 11.29), who reported a history of trauma exposure consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fifth Edition (DSM-5) PTSD Criterion A. A cross-sectional design was used to determine associations between mindfulness facets and PTSD symptom severity and symptom cluster severity. Participants completed questionnaires regarding mindfulness and PTSD symptomatology. The data were analyzed at the bivariate level as well as multivariate level through hierarchical linear regression analyses. Results revealed that the mindfulness facets of acting with awareness (β = − 0.34, p < 0.001), non-judging of inner experience (β = − 0.34, p < 0.001), and non-reactivity to inner experience (β = 0.34, p < 0.001) demonstrated significant, incremental negative associations with total PTSD symptom severity, as well as PTSD intrusions (p’s < 0.05) and negative alterations in cognitions and mood (p’s < 0.05) symptom clusters, above and beyond covariates. Covariates included total number of traumatic life events and number of psychiatric diagnoses. This study investigated associations between mindfulness facets and PTSD symptom severity in acute care, psychiatric inpatients. Mindfulness may hold significant clinical utility for trauma-exposed psychiatric inpatients with varying levels of PTSD symptom severity. Research implications and future directions are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Armour, C., Tsai, J., Durham, T.A., Charak, R., Beign, T.L., Elhai, J.D … Pietrzak, R.H. (2015). Dimensional structure of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress symptoms: support for a hybrid anhedonia and externalizing behaviors model. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 61, 106–113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.012.

  • Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Kim, C., & Turecki, G. (2004). Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471244X437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aust, J., & Bradshaw, T. (2017). Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 24, 69–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report. Assessment, 11, 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029.

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S … Williams, M.G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329–342. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003.

  • Banks, K., Newman, E., & Saleem, J. (2015). An overview of the research on mindfulness-based interventions for treating symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71, 935–963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, B. J., Cumella, E. J., & Sanathara, V. A. (2006). Psychiatric comorbidities of female inpatients with eating disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000221254.77675.f5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, A., Tanay, G., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2011). Concurrent relations between mindful attention and awareness and psychopathology among trauma-exposed adults: Preliminary evidence of transdiagnostic resilience. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25, 99–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M. A., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J. … Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241.

  • Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boden, M. T., Bernstein, A., Walser, R. D., Bui, L., Alvarez, J., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2012). Changes in facets of mindfulness and posttraumatic stress disorder treatment outcome. Psychiatry Research, 200, 609–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boughner, E., Thornley, E., Kharlas, D., & Frewen, P. (2016). Mindfulness-related traits partially mediate the association between lifetime and childhood trauma exposure and PTSD and dissociative symptoms in a community sample assessed online. Mindfulness, 7, 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0502-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bovin, M.J., Marx, B.P., Weathers, F.W., Gallagher, M.W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P.P … Keane, T.M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28, 1379–1391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254.

  • Branstrom, R., Kvillemo, P., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2010). A randomized study of the effects of mindfulness training on psychological well-being and symptoms of stress in patients treated for cancer at 6-month follow-up. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 535–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. J., Bruce, S. E., Buchholz, K. R., Artime, T. M., Hu, E., & Sheline, Y. I. (2016). Affective dispositions and PTSD symptom clusters in female interpersonal trauma survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31, 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555866.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Call, D., Pitcock, J., & Pyne, J. (2015). Longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between mindfulness, general distress, anxiety, and PTSD in a recently deployed national guard sample. Mindfulness, 6, 1303–1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0400-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chopko, B. A., & Schwartz, R. C. (2013). The relation between mindfulness and posttraumatic stress symptoms among police officers. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahm, K. A., Meyer, E. C., Neff, K. D., Kimbrel, N. A., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2015). Mindfulness, self-compassion, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and functional disability in U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 460–464. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22045.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Delizonna, L. L., Williams, R. P., & Langer, E. J. (2009). The effect of mindfulness on heart rate control. Journal of Adult Development, 16, 61–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Follette, V., Palm, K. M., & Pearson, A. N. (2006). Mindfulness and trauma: implications for treatment. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy, 24, 45–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. P. (1975). “Mini mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E., Roberts-Lewis, A., Tronnier, C. D., Graves, R., & Kelley, K. (2016). Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement versus CBT for cooccurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, A., Locicero, B., Mahaffey, B., Fleming, C., Harris, J., & Vujanovic, A. (2016). Internalized HIV stigma and mindfulness: associations with PTSD symptom severity in trauma-exposed adults with HIV/AIDS. Behavior Modification, 40, 144–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445515615354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grubaugh, A.L., Zinow, H.M., Paul, S., Egede, L.E., & Frueh, C. (2011). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with severe mental illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 883–399. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.003.

  • Hanley, A. W., Garland, E. L., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2017). Relating dispositional mindfulness, contemplative practice, and positive reappraisal with posttraumatic cognitive coping, stress, and growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9, 526–536. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howgego, I. M., Owen, C., Meldrum, L., Yellowlees, P., Dark, F., & Parslow, R. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory study examining rates of trauma and PTSD and its effect on client outcomes in community mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-5-21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalill, K. S., Treanor, M., & Roemer, L. (2014). The importance of non-reactivity to posttraumatic stress symptoms: a case for mindfulness. Mindfulness, 5, 314–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, D. J., McDermott, K., Malte, C., Martinez, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2012). Effects of participation in a mindfulness program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 14–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. H., Schneider, S. M., Bevans, M., Kravitz, L., Mermier, C., Qualls, C., & Burge, M. R. (2013). PTSD symptom reduction with mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise: randomized controlled clinical trial of efficacy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 98, 2984–2992.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • King, A.P., Erickson, T.M., Giardino, N.D., Favorite, T., Rauch, S.A.M., Robinson, E. … Liberzon, I. (2013). A pilot study of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Depression and Anxiety, 30, 638–645.

  • Kimbrough, E., Magyari, T., Langenberg, P., Chesney, C., & Berman, B. (2010). Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krysinska, K., & Lester, D. (2010). Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide risk: a systematic review. Archives of Suicide Research, 14, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110903478997.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landrum, S. S. (2016). Enhancing recovery from trauma: facilitating a mindfulness skills group on a Department of Veterans Affairs inpatient PTSD unit. Social Work with Groups, 39, 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/01609513.2014.999203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, A. J. (2017). Mindfulness in PTSD treatment. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, M. A., Bishop, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., & Carlson, L. (2006). The Toronto mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1445–1467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., Lee, S. W., Choi, K., Chung, U., & Jeong, B. (2015). Differential mediating effects of PTSD symptom clusters on alcohol use and sleep in university students with trauma experiences: a multi-group analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maheux, A., & Price, M. (2015). Investigation of the relation between PTSD symptoms and self-compassion: comparison across DSM IV and DSM 5 PTSD symptom clusters. Self and Identity, 14, 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1037791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. E., Vujanovic, A. A., & Day, S. X. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and emotion regulation in acute-care psychiatric inpatients: associations with suicidality. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 26, 1024–1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1341443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauritz, M. W., Goossens, P. J. J., Draijer, N., & van Achterberg, T. (2013). Prevalence of interpersonal trauma exposure and trauma-related disorders in severe mental illness. Psycho-Traumatology, 4, 185–199. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melartin, T. K., Rystala, H. J., Leskela, U. S., Lestela-Mielonen, P. S., Sokero, T. P., & Isomesta, E. T. (2002). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 126–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueser, K.T., Gottlieb, J.D., Xie, H., Lu, W., Yanos, P.T., Rosenberg, S.D … McHugo, G.J. (2015). Evaluation of cognitive restructuring for post-traumatic stress disorder in people with severe mental illness. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206, 501–508. doi: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147926.

  • Mueser, K.T., Goodman, L.B., Trumbetta, S.L., Rosenberg, S.D., Osher, F.C., Vidaver, R … Foy, D.W. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 493–499. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022006X.66.3.493.

  • Niles, B. L., Klunk-Gillis, J., Ryngala, D. J., Silberbogen, A. K., Paysnick, A., & Wolf, E. J. (2012). Comparing mindfulness and psycho-education treatments for combat-related PTSD using a tele-health approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 538–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niles, B. L., Vujanovic, A. A., Silberbogen, A. K., Seligowski, A. V., & Potter, C. M. (2013). Changes in mindfulness following a mindfulness telehealth intervention. Mindfulness, 4, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0130-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, G. P., Walter, K. H., Chard, K. M., & Davis, P. A. (2012). Changes in mindfulness skills and treatment response among veterans in residential PTSD treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perich, T., Manicavasagar, V., Mitchell, P. B., & Ball, J. R. (2013). The association between meditation practice and treatment outcome in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 338–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.03.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polusny, M.A., Erbes, C.R., Thuras, P., Moran, A., Lamberty, G.J., Collins, R.C … Lim, K.O. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 314, 456–465. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8361.

  • Possemato, K., Bergen-Cico, D., Treatment, S., Allen, C., Wade, M., & Pigeon, W. (2016). A randomized clinical trial of primary care brief mindfulness training for veterans with PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72, 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. J., Wells, E. A., Donovan, D. M., & Brooks, M. (2012). Implementation and acceptability of mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy in women’s substance use disorder treatment. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 18, 4540462. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2008). Cognitive processing therapy: Veteran/ military version. Washington, DC: United States Department of Veterans Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnurr, P., Friedman, M., Foy, D., Shea, T., Hsieh, F., Lavori, P … Bernardy, N. (2003). A randomized trial of trauma-focused group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 481–489.

  • Schoorl, M., Van Mil-Klinkenberg, L., & Van Der Does, W. (2015). Mindfulness skills, anxiety sensitivity, and cognitive reactivity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Mindfulness, 6, 1004–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0346-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, K. R., Simpson, T. L., Martinez, M. E., & Kearney, D. J. (2017). Changes in mindfulness and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among veterans enrolled in mindfulness-based stress reduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73, 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2010). Mindfulness and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder avoidance symptom severity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 409–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. W., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2011). Conceptualizing mindfulness and acceptance as components of psychological resilience to trauma. Trauma Violence Abuse, 12, 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838011416375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J. (1992). The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 922–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vujanovic, A. A., Bakhshaie, J., Martin, C., Reddy, M. K., & Anestis, M. D. (2017a). Posttraumatic stress and distress tolerance: Associations with suicidality in acute-care psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205, 531–541. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000690.

  • Vujanovic, A. A., Dutcher, C. D., & Berenz, E. C. (2017b). Multimodal examination of distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in acute-care psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 48, 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.08.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vujanovic, A. A., Niles, B. L., & Abrams, J. L. (2016). Mindfulness and meditation in the conceptualization and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In E. Shonin, W. Van Gorden, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Mindfulness and Buddhist-derived approaches in mental health and addictions (pp. 225–246). New York: Spring Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22255-4_11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vujanovic, A. A., Niles, B., Pietrefesa, A., Schmertz, S. K., & Potter, C. M. (2011). Mindfulness in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder among military veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vujanovic, A. A., Youngwirth, N. E., Johnson, K. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). Mindfulness-based acceptance and posttraumatic stress symptoms among trauma-exposed adults without axis I psychopathology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(2), 297–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahbeh, H., Lu, M., & Oken, B. (2011). Mindful awareness and non-judging in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Mindfulness, 2, 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0064-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, E., Moran, P., Scott, C., McKenzie, K., Burns, T., Creed, F., Tyrer, P., Murray, R. M., Fahy, T., & UK700 Group. (2003). Prevalence of violent victimization in severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.3.233.

  • Weathers, F.W., Litz, B.T., Keane, T.M., Palmieri, P.A., Marx, B.P., & Schnurr, P.P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.

  • Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., Borne, M. E. R., & Gratz, K. L. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and HIV-risk behaviors among substance-dependent inpatients. AIDS Care, 25, 1219–1226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.764381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuromski, K. L., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., Weathers, F., & Blevins, C. (2014). PTSD symptom clusters are differentially associated with components of the acquired capability for suicide. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 44, 682–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12098.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by a grant from the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health (JRG-263) awarded to Dr. Vujanovic.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA

    Colleen E. Martin

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Boulevard, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Brooke A. Bartlett & Anka A. Vujanovic

  3. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Madhavi K. Reddy

  4. State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Adam Gonzalez

Authors
  1. Colleen E. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brooke A. Bartlett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Madhavi K. Reddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Adam Gonzalez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anka A. Vujanovic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Colleen Martin and Anka Vujanovic conceptualized the manuscript, conducted statistical analyses, and co-wrote the manuscript. Brooke Bartlett wrote the “Results” section. Adam Gonzalez and Madhavi Reddy reviewed the draft and provided feedback.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anka A. Vujanovic.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and University of Houston institutional review boards.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Martin, C.E., Bartlett, B.A., Reddy, M.K. et al. Associations between Mindfulness Facets and PTSD Symptom Severity in Psychiatric Inpatients. Mindfulness 9, 1571–1583 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0904-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0904-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation