Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Brain Activity in Mindfulness Depends on Experience: a Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Mindfulness Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mindfulness and mindful meditation have become widely used approaches in clinical psychology. The growing use of these techniques has increased demand in research examining the foundations of mindfulness and its treatment efficacy. In particular, understanding the neurological mechanisms associated with mindfulness practice is an important area of research. To better understand these mechanisms, this meta-analytic study examines brain activity associated with practicing mindful meditation. Further, we examined the influence of experience on neural correlates by analyzing studies utilizing naive participants separately from studies examining experienced meditators. Literature review was used to identify studies examining mindful mediation using fMRI. Twenty-one studies were selected, with a total of 22 contrasts. Eleven contrasts used novice participants and 12 used experienced participants. Using activation likelihood estimate methods, we found that, across all contrasts, foci of consistent activity related to mindful meditation were found in the frontal regions, anterior cingulate, and insula. In contrasts utilizing novice participants, a focus was found in the insula. Foci in the medial frontal gyrus and globus pallidus were observed in the experienced participant contrasts. These findings are consistent with the literature on cognitive and motor skill learning and support the idea that mindfulness is a learnable skill.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ainsworth, B., Eddershaw, R., Meron, D., Baldwin, D., & Garner, M. (2013). The effect of focused attention and open monitoring meditation on attention network function in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 1226–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M., Dietz, M., Blair, K., van Beek, M., Rees, G., Vestergaard-Poulsen, P., & …, Roepstorff, A. (2012). Cognitive-affective neural plasticity following active-controlled mindfulness intervention. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 32(44), 15601–15610. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2957-12.2012.

  • Baer, R. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bærentsen, K., Stødkilde-Jørgensen, B., Sommerlund, H., Hartmann, B., Damsgaard-Madsen, T., Fosnæs, J., & Green, M. (2010). An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation. Cognitive Processing, 11(1), 57–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-009-0342-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N., Carmody, J., …, Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077.

  • Boccia, M., Piccardi, L., & Guariglia, P. (2014). The meditative mind: A comprehensive meta-analysis of MRI studies. BioMed Research International, 2015, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/419808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brand, S., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Naranjo, J., & Schmidt, S. (2012). Influence of mindfulness practice on cortisol and sleep in long-term and short-term meditators. Neuropsychobiology, 201(65), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1159/000330362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(27), 11483–11488. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606552104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cahn, B., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 180–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chein, J., & Schneider, W. (2005). Neuroimaging studies of practice-related change: fMRI and metaanalytic evidence of a domain-general control network for learning. Cognitive Brain Research, 25(3), 607–623.

  • Chersi, F., Mirolli, M., Pezzulo, G., & Baldassarre, G. (2013). A spiking neuron model of the cortico-basal ganglia circuits for goal-directed and habitual action learning. Neural Networks: The Official Journal of the International Neural Network Society, 41, 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2012.11.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., & Malinowski, P. (2011). Mindfulness-based approaches: Are they all the same? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(4), 404–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20776.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2010). A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine, 40(8), 1239–1252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa, A., Calati, R., & Serretti, A. (2011). Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69(6), 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180f6171f.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlin, E., Bäckman, L., Neely, A. S., & Nyberg, L. (2009). Training of the executive component of working memory: Subcortical areas mediate transfer effects. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 27(5), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-2009-0492.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davanger, S., Holen, A., Ellingsen, O., & Hugdahl, K. (2010). Meditation-specific prefrontal cortical activation during ACEM meditation: An fMRI study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 111(1), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.04.22.PMS.111.4.291-306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickenson, J., Berkman, E., Arch, J., & Lieberman, M. (2013). Neural correlates of focused attention during a brief mindfulness induction. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dum, R., Levinthal, D., & Strick, P. (2016). Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(35), 9922–9927. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605044113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., Grefkes, C., Wang, L. E., Zilles, K., & Fox, P. T. (2009). Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: A random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Human Brain Mapping, 30(9), 2907–2926. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20718.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eickhoff, S. B., Bzdok, D., Laird, A. R., Kurth, F., & Fox, P. T. (2012). Activation likelihood estimation revisited. NeuroImage, 59(3), 2349–2361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engstrom, M., Pihlsgard, J., Lundberg, P., & Soderfeldt, B. (2010). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal activation during silent mantra meditation. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(12), 1253–1258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farb, N. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(4), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsm030.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farb, N. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., & Segal, Z. V. (2010). Minding one’s emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 10(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farb, N. S., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2012). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss066.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, K. C., Nijeboer, S., Dixon, M. L., Floman, J. L., Ellamil, M., Rumak, S. P., & …, Christoff, K. (2014). Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 48–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016.

  • Gard, T., Holzel, B., Sack, A., Hempel, H., Lazar, S., Vaitl, D., & …, Hoelzel, T. (2012). Pain attenuation through mindfulness is associated with decreased cognitive control and increased sensory processing in the brain. Cerebral Cortex, 22(11), 2692–2702.

  • Goldin, P., & Gross, J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 10(1), 83–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasenkamp, W., Wilson-Mendenhall, C., Duncan, E., & Barsalou, L. (2012). Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: A fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. NeuroImage, 59(1), 750–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hölzel, B. K., Ott, U., Hempel, H., Hackl, A., Wolf, K., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (2007). Differential engagement of anterior cingulate and adjacent medial frontal cortex in adept meditators and non-meditators. Neuroscience Letters, 421(1), 16–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Terramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., & Lazar, S. W. (2011a). Mindfulness practice leads to increase in regional brain grey matter density. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging Section, 191(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011b). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ives-Deliperi, V. L., Solms, M., & Meintjes, E. M. (2011). The neural substrates of mindfulness: An fMRI investigation. Social Neuroscience, 6(3), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2010.513495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, U., Brown, K., & Downar, J. (2015). Adaptive neural reward processing during a nticipation and receipt of monetary rewards in mindfulness meditators. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(5), 752–759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurth, F., Zilles, K., Fox, P., Laird, T., & Eickhoff, A. (2010). A link between the systems: Functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5), 519–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, A. R., Lancaster, J. L., & Fox, P. T. (2005). BrainMap: The social evolution of a functional neuroimaging database. Neuroinformatics, 3(1), 65–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, J., Tordesillas-Gutierrez, D., Martinez, M., Salinas, F., Evans, A., Zilles, K., Mazziotta, J., & Fox, P. (2007). Bias Between MNI and Talairach Coordinates Analyzed Using the ICBM-152 Brain Template. Human Brain Mapping, 28(11), 1194–1205.

  • Lazar, S. W., Bush, G., Gollub, R. L., Fricchione, G. L., Khalsa, G., & Benson, H. (2000). Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. Neuroreport, 11(7), 1581–1585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T., & …, Fischl, B. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16(17), 1893–1897.

  • Lomas, T., Ivtzan, I., & Fu, C. (2015). A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 57(1), 401–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. PLoS One, 3(3), e1897. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001897.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, A., Greischar, L., Perlman, D., & Davidson, R. (2009). BOLD signal in insula is differentially related to cardiac function during compassion meditation in experts vs. novices. NeuroImage, 47(3), 1038–1046.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, A., McFarlin, D. R., Perlman, D. M., Salomons, T. V., & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Altered anterior insula activation during anticipation and experience of painful stimuli in expert meditators. NeuroImage, 64(1), 538–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, J., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., & …, Brühl, A. B. (2014). Mindfulness and emotion regulation—An fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 776–785. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst043.

  • Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00008.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manna, A., Raffone, A., Perrucci, M. G., Nardo, D., Ferretti, A., Tartaro, A., & …, Romani, G. L. (2010). Neural correlates of focused attention and cognitive monitoring in meditation. Brain Research Bulletin, 82(1), 46–56.

  • Marchand, W. R. (2014). Neural mechanisms of mindfulness and meditation: Evidence from neuroimaging studies. World Journal of Radiology, 6(7), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v6.i7.471.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, H., Katsunuma, R., Oba, K., Terasawa, Y., Motomura, Y., Mishima, K., & Moriguchi, Y. (2015). Neural networks for mindfulness and emotion suppression. PLoS One, 10(6), e0128005. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Opialla, S., Lutz, J., Scherpiet, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., & …, Brühl, A. (2015). Neural circuits of emotion regulation: A comparison of mindfulness-based and cognitive reappraisal strategies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 265(1), 45–55.

  • Oppenheimer, S., Gelb, A., Girvin, J., & Hachinski, V. (1992). Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology, 42(9), 1727–1732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, R., Spreng, R. N., & Turner, G. R. (2013). Functional brain changes following cognitive and motor skills training: A quantitative meta-analysis. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 27(3), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968312461718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peressutti, C., Martín-González, J., & García-Manso, J. (2012). Does mindfulness meditation shift the cardiac autonomic nervous system to a highly orderly operational state? International Journal of Cardiology, 154(2), 210–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, S., & Posner, M. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 73–89.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M., & Petersen, S. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M., & Rothbart, M. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raz, A., & Buhle, J. (2006). Typologies of attentional networks. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 7(5), 367–379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Astin, J., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simkin, D. R., & Black, N. B. (2014). Meditation and mindfulness in clinical practice. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America., 23(3), 487–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sperduti, M., Delaveau, P., Fossati, P., & Nadel, J. (2011). Different brain structures related to self-and external-agency attribution: a brief review and meta-analysis. Brain Structure and Function, 216(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0298-1.

  • Tang, Y. Y., & Posner, M. (2009) Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(5), 222–227.

  • Tang, Y., & Posner, M. (2014). Training brain networks and states. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 345–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., Lu, Q., Geng, X., Stein, E., Yang, Y., & Posner, M. (2010). Short-term meditation induces white matter changes in the anterior cingulate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(35), 15649–15652.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., Lu, Q., Fan, M., Yang, Y., & Posner, M. (2012a). Mechanisms of white matter changes induced by meditation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 109(26), 10570–10574. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207817109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., Rothbart, M., & Posner, M. (2012b). Neural correlates of establishing, maintaining, and switching brain states. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(6), 330–337.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., Tang, R., & Posner, M. (2013). Brief meditation training induces smoking reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(34), 13971–13975.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., Hölzel, B., & Posner, M. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 16(4), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taubert, M., Villringer, A., & Ragert, P. (2012). Learning-related grey and white matter changes in humans: An update. The Neuroscientist, 18(4), 320–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasino, B., & Fabbro, F. (2016). Increases in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreases the rostral prefrontal cortex activation after-8 weeks of focused attention based mindfulness meditation. Brain and Cognition, 102, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turkeltaub, P. E., Eden, G. F., Jones, K. M., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2002). Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: Method and validation. NeuroImage, 16(3), 765–780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turkeltaub, P. E., Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., Fox, M., Wiener, M., & Fox, P. (2012). Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. Human Brain Mapping, 33(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vytal, K., & Hamann, S. (2012). Neuroimaging support for discrete neural correlates of basic emotions: A voxel-based meta-analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(12), 2864–2885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wager, T. D., Lindquist, M., & Kaplan, L. (2007). Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data: Current and future directions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(2), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsm015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., Rao, H., Korczykowski, M., Wintering, N., Pluta, J., Khalsa, D., & Newberg, A. (2011). Cerebral blood flow changes associated with different meditation practices and perceived depth of meditation. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 191(1), 60–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J., Vik, A., Groote, I. R., Lagopoulos, J., Holen, A., Ellingsen, Ø., & …, Davanger, S. (2014). Nondirective meditation activates default mode network and areas associated with memory retrieval and emotional processing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00086.

  • Zeidan, F., Martucci, K., Kraft, R., McHaffie, J., & Coghill, R. (2014). Neural correlates of mindfulness meditation-related anxiety relief. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 751–759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeidan, F., Emerson, N., Farris, S., Ray, J., Jung, Y., Mchaffie, J., & Coghill, R. (2015). Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief employs different neural mechanisms than placebo and sham mindfulness meditation-induced analgesia. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 35(46), 15307–15325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychology Department, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, USA

    Gina Falcone & Matthew Jerram

Authors
  1. Gina Falcone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew Jerram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew Jerram.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Falcone, G., Jerram, M. Brain Activity in Mindfulness Depends on Experience: a Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies. Mindfulness 9, 1319–1329 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0884-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0884-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation