Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a Buddhist meditation intervention on empathy, perceived stress, mindfulness, self-compassion, and of particular interest, the dispositional tendency to feel empathic concern rather than personal distress when perceiving another as in need, termed altruistic orientation. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 20) or a waiting list control group (n = 22). Results indicated a trend towards increases in altruistic orientation in the intervention group—an increase that significantly correlated with meditation time, decreases in perceived stress, and increases in self-compassion and mindfulness. Additionally, compared to the controls, significant increases in mindfulness and self-compassion and a significant decrease in perceived stress were obtained for the intervention group.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

References
Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125–143.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45.
Bandura, A., & Rosenthal, L. (1966). Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of arousal level. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 54–62.
Batson, C. D. (2011). Altruism in humans. New York: Oxford University Press.
Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner’s dilemma II: what if the target of empathy has defected? European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 25–36.
Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2009). Using empathy to improve intergroup attitudes and relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3, 141–177.
Batson, C. D., & Shaw, L. L. (1991). Evidence for altruism: toward a pluralism of prosocial motives. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 107–122.
Batson, C. D., Bolen, M. H., Cross, J. A., & Neuringer-Benefiel, H. (1986). Where is the altruism in the altruistic personality? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 212–220.
Batson, C. D., Fultz, J. N., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and empathy: two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of Personality, 55, 19–40.
Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105–118.
Berger, S. (1962). Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychological Review, 69, 450–466.
Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health, 26, 359–371.
Buddhagosa, B. (1975). The path of purification (vol. 1). Shambala: Boulder.
Chambers, R. H., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: an integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 560–572.
Chödron, P. (1994). Start where you are: A guide to compassionate living. Boston: Shambala.
Chödron, P. (2002). The places that scares you: A guide to fearlessness in difficult times [audio recording]. Louisville: Sounds True.
Chödron, P. (2009). Perfect just as you are: Buddhist practices on the four limitless ones: Loving-kindness, compassion, joy and equanimity [audio recording]. New York: Shambala Audio.
Cliffordson, C. (2001). The structure of empathy: An analysis of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). In C. Cliffordson (Ed.), Assessing empathy: Measurement characteristics and interviewer effects. Acta: Gothenburg.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396.
Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2008). Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: the role of compassionate and self-image goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 555–575.
Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., & Sheridan, J. F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 564–570.
Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51, 167–184.
Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Madison: Brown & Benchmark.
De Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279–300.
Decety, J. (2011). Dissecting the neural mechanisms mediating empathy. Emotion Review, 3, 92–108.
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 71–100.
Decety, J., & Lamm, C. (2011). Empathy versus personal distress: Recent evidence from social neuroscience. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 199–214). London: MIT Press.
Eisenberg, N., & Eggum, N. D. (2011). Empathic responding: Sympathy and personal distress. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 71–84). London: MIT Press.
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1992). Emotion regulation and the development of social competence. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: vol. 14. Emotion and social behavior (Vol. 14, pp. 119–150). Newbury Park: Sage.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Miller, P. A., Fultz, J., Shell, R., Mathy, R. M., & Reno, R. R. (1989). Relation of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior: a multimethod study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 55–66.
Eskin, M., & Parr, D. (1996). Introducing a Swedish version of an instrument measuring mental stress. Stockholm University: Reports from the department of psychology, 1–9.
Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., McGrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., & Audin, J. (2002). Towards a standardised brief outcome measure: psychometric properties and utility of the CORE-OM. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 51–60.
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045–1062.
Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708–724.
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 351–374.
Grepmair, L., Mitterlehner, F., Loew, T., Bachler, E., Rother, W., & Nickel, M. (2007). Promoting mindfulness in psychotherapists in training influences the treatment results of their patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Psychothery and Psychosomatics, 76(6), 332–338.
Harmon-Jones, E., Vaughn-Scott, K., Mohr, S., Sigelman, J., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2004). The effect of manipulated sympathy and anger on left and right frontal cortical activity. Emotion, 4, 95–101.
Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: potential for psychological interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1126–1132.
Howell, D. C. (2010). Fundamental statistics for the behavioral sciences. Belmont: Cengage Wadsworth.
Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 720–724.
Kyabgon, T. (2007). The practice of Lojong: cultivating compassion through training the mind. Boston: Shambala.
Lama, D., & Cutler, H. C. (1998). The art of happiness: A handbook for living. New York: Riverhead Book.
Lilja, J., Frodi-Lundgren, A., Johansson Hanse, J., Josefsson, T., Lundh, L. G., Sköld, C., & Broberg, A. (2010). Five facets of mindfulness questionnaire—reliability and factor structure: a Swedish version. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40, 291–303.
Lykins, E. L. B., & Baer, R. A. (2009). Psychological functioning in a sample of long-term practitioners of mindfulness meditation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 226–241.
McLeod, K. (2001). Wake up to your life: Discovering the Buddhist path of attention. New York: Harper One.
Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324–344.
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.
Ortner, C. N. M., Kilner, S. J., & Zelazo, P. D. (2007). Mindfulness meditation and reduced emotional interference on a cognitive task. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 271–283.
Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L. T., Adame, D. D., Cole, S. P., Sivilli, T. I., Brown, T. D., & Raison, C. L. (2009). Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 87–98.
Piliavin, J. A., & Charng, H. W. (1990). Altruism: a review of recent theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 27–65.
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1–71.
Rinpoche, P. (1994). The words of my perfect teacher. Boston: Shambala.
Rosenthal, R. (1984). Meta-analytical procedure for social research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication Inc.
Safarzadeh, K. & Wallmark, E. (2011). The four immeasurables program: training empathy and promoting altruism through meditation. An eight-week randomized controlled pilot study (Unpublished master’s thesis). Department of Psychology, Lund University. Retrieved from https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1977623&fileOId=1977642.
Schroeder, D. A., Dovidio, J. F., Sibicky, M. E., Matthews, L. L., & Allen, J. L. (1988). Empathic concern and helping behavior: egoism or altruism? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 333–353.
Shapiro, S. L., & Izett, C. (2008). Meditation: A universal tool for cultivating empathy. In S. F. Hick & T. Bien (Eds.), Mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship (pp. 161–175). New York: Guilford Press.
Stotland, E. (1969). Exploratory investigations of empathy. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4). New York: Academic Press.
Urbaniak, G. C., & Plous, S. (2011). Research Randomizer. Retrieved from http://www.randomizer.org.
Van Dam, N. T., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, J. P., & Earleywine, M. (2011). Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 123–130.
Wallace, A. (2010). The four immeasurables: Practices to open the heart. New York: Snow Lion.
Wallace, A., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). Mental balance and well-being: building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology. The American Psychologist, 61, 690–701.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wallmark, E., Safarzadeh, K., Daukantaitė, D. et al. Promoting Altruism Through Meditation: An 8-Week Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Mindfulness 4, 223–234 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0115-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0115-4