Palladium Nanoparticles as a Platform for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Table 1 Different palladium nanoparticles based immunosensors used in cancer diagnosis

Sr. No	Immunosensor type	Nanocomposite	Electrode type	Characterizations	Detection of	Reference
1	Pd based—nanocomposite ratiometric dual-signal immunosensor	rGO-Pd@Au-Thi-Ab₂ NC	Glassy carbon electrode	TEM, EDX, XRD, UV–vis spec., zeta sizer, FTIR, ECL	Carcinoembryonic antigen – protein as tumor marker	[18]
2	Cathodic PEC sensor integrated with PdNPs and COP	PdNPs/COP/ITO	Indium tin oxide (ITO) Electrode	FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS	Lung cancer –A549 cells	[17]
3	Hybrid material biosensor	FA/Glu-GQD-Pd@Au	Glass carbon electrode	SEM, HRTEM, XRD, DPV	Cervical cancer HeLa (51.4%), liver cancer HepG2 (62.8%) and lung cancer A549 (66.2%)	[19]
4	Electrochemical immunosensor	rGO-Au–Pd NC	Glass carbon electrode	TEM, CV, XRD, DPV,	CA242 – pancreatic tumor marker	[20]
5	Enzyme-free electrochemical immunosensor	BSA/Ab1/AuNPs/BP nanosheets and Ab2/PdCu mesoporous metal NPs (MMNs)	Glass carbon electrode	HRTEM, HAADF, SEM, EDX, EIS, CV	Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	[23]
6	Novel sandwich-type diagnostic tool	Au@PdAg dog-bone shaped nanorods and Au@PtRh nanorods	glass carbon electrode	TEM, HRTEM, EDS, XPS, EIS, CV, DPV	HER2 – biomarker for breast cancer	[21]
7	Colorimetry-based immunosensor	Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-NH2-Au@Pd0.30NPs		UV–Vis Spec, FTIR, XPS,	Anti-p52 auto-Abs (p53aAbs)	[22]
8	Label-free HER2 detection immunosensor	Pd nanoclusters over tubular CNTs	CNT electrode	CV, FE-SEM, EDAX, XRD, FTIR, EIS, DPV, AFM, XPS	Breast cancer – HER2 cells	[3]