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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Microbial Biosurfactant Produced by a Newly Isolated Klebsiella sp. Strain RGUDBI03 Through a Single Step Method and Exploring its Role in Enhancing the Chickpea and Rice Seed Germination

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Abstract

Improving global food security by boosting crop production through environmentally friendly technology is critical in the fight against malnutrition. This study explores the use of green chemistry combined with nanotechnology to enhance seed germination. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized using a bacterial biosurfactant extracted from a newly discovered Klebsiella sp. strain RGUDBI03 found in a petroleum-contaminated site, employing a one-step method involving autoclaving. Electron microscopy analysis revealed well-dispersed Ag NPs ranging from 10–40 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the NPs with fcc lattice points of 111, 200, 220, and 311. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the bacterial biosurfactant and Ag NPs showed the presence of C = C-H, C-H, and CH2 groups, confirming the biosurfactant's role as a reducing and capping agent. Nano-treated seeds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and rice (Oryza sativa) exhibited enhanced water uptake rates and 99% germination under optimized condition as compared to that of the control (i.e., 78–80%). This led to a more than threefold increase in α-amylase activity in the treated seeds (i.e., 0.33 and 1.54 mg/g respectively for chickpea and rice seeds) as compared to their respective control (i.e., 0.12 and 0.48 mg/g), converting starch into soluble sugar and promoting germination and growth. Furthermore, the Ag NPs showed no cytotoxic effects on red blood cells and earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae), with visibly healthy villi in the gut region of treated samples, demonstrating their non-cytotoxic and eco-friendly nature. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive depiction of biosurfactant-mediated Ag NPs synthesis, their application in seed germination and growth enhancement, the likely mode of action of Ag NPs, as well as cytotoxicity and eco-toxicity assessment. Additionally, biosurfactant extracted from a newly isolated Klebsiella sp. is reported for the first time for the synthesis of Ag NPs, implementing in enhancing seed germination rate up to almost one hundred percent with no sign of cytotoxicity.

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Funding

DBT-ALSBT Hub (Assam), Grant no. 99/DRV/341/2022–23/Microgrants/5032–40, Dated: 31/10/2022.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, The Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati, 781035, India

    Indukalpa Das & Debajit Borah

  2. Centre for Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India

    Pankaj Bharali & Pronami Gogoi

  3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Pankaj Bharali

  4. Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, 781007, India

    Archana Borah

Authors
  1. Indukalpa Das
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  2. Pankaj Bharali
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  3. Pronami Gogoi
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  4. Archana Borah
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  5. Debajit Borah
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Contributions

Indukalpa Das: She performed all the laboratory experiments, generated the data, and also drafted the manuscript in its initial form. Debajit Borah: He supervised the entire research work, helped in performing the laboratory experiments, and drafted the final version of the manuscript. Pankaj Bharali: Helped in performing SEM, TEM, and DTA-TGA analysis. Pronami Gogoi: Helped in performing XRD, and FTIR analysis. Archana Borah: Helped in performing histological analysis.

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Correspondence to Debajit Borah.

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Das, I., Bharali, P., Gogoi, P. et al. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Microbial Biosurfactant Produced by a Newly Isolated Klebsiella sp. Strain RGUDBI03 Through a Single Step Method and Exploring its Role in Enhancing the Chickpea and Rice Seed Germination. BioNanoSci. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-024-01444-7

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