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Optimal planning of electricity storage to minimize operating reserve requirements in an isolated island grid

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Abstract

Electrical energy storage (EES) constitutes a potential candidate capable of regulating the power generation to match the loads via time-shifting. Optimally planned, EES facilities can meet the increasing requirement of reserves to manage the variability and uncertainty of renewable energy sources (RES) whilst improving the system operation efficiency and economics. In this work, the impact of intermittent RES on total production cost (TPC) is evaluated in the presence and absence of storage, using annual data regarding the non-interconnected power system of the island of Cyprus. Performing weekly simulations for the entire year of 2017, TPC is computed by solving the unit commitment based on a constrained Lagrange Relaxation method. Seven selected EES technologies are modeled and evaluated via a life-cycle cost analysis, based on the most realistic technical and cost data found in the literature. The results derived from the uncertainty analysis performed, show that zinc-air (Zn-air) battery offers the highest net present value (NPV). Lead-acid (Pb-acid) and sodium-sulfur (Na-S) are considered viable solutions in terms of mean NPV and investment risk. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery exhibits a particularly expensive choice. Dominated by its increased capital cost which still governs its overall cost performance Li-ion achieves a negative mean NPV far below zero. However, to strengthen the benefits derived from EES integration, further research and development is needed improving the performance and costs of storage. The uncertainty governing the majority of EES technologies, in turn, will be reduced, increasing their participation and RES contribution in autonomous power system operations.

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Abbreviations

APR :

Annual profitable return

C BM :

Base maintenance cost

C BOP :

Balance of plant cost

C E :

Emission cost

C ENS :

Cost of energy not served

C ESM :

Cost of energy storage medium

C F :

Fuel cost

C fO&M :

Fixed operation and maintenance cost

C IM :

Incremental maintenance cost

C M :

Maintenance cost

C O&M :

Annual operation and maintenance cost

C PCS :

Cost of power conversion system

C SD :

Shut-down cost

C SU :

Start-up cost

CSU :

Cold start-up cost

C vO&M :

Variable operation and maintenance cost

DoD :

Depth of discharge

E cap :

Energy capacity

E d-y :

Total discharging energy per year

h s :

Storage duration

HSU :

Hot start-up cost

i R :

Discount rate

IPC :

Initial project cost

J* :

Total relaxed cost

λ :

Lagrange multiplier

LCC :

Life-cycle cost of storage

MD i :

Minimum down time of unit i

MU i :

Minimum up time of unit i

N :

Examined lifespan

NPV :

Net present value

η :

Round-trip efficiency

η t i :

Active unit number of group j in period t

η t imαχ :

Maximum unit number of group j in period t

η t imin :

Minimum unit number of group j in period t

P t i :

Power output of unit i at time t

P imin :

Minimum operating limit of unit i

P imax :

Maximum operating limit of unit i

P loss :

Transmission loss

P netD :

Net load demand

P rated :

Rated power

P RES :

Renewable generation

P solar :

Solar generation

P wind :

Wind generation

q* :

Total cost corrected by ED

RDG :

Relative duality gap

RD i :

Ramp-down rate of unit i

RU i :

Ramp-up rate of unit i

SDR :

Self-discharge rate

SR t :

Spinning reserve requirements at time t

τ i :

Thermal time constant of unit i

T i :

Duration of continuously OFF of unit i

t i,cold :

Cold start time of unit i

TPC :

Total production cost

t d :

Down time

t u :

Up time

U t i :

Status of unit i at time t

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, P. O. Box 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus

    Pavlos Nikolaidis & Sotirios Chatzis

  2. Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority, P. O. Box 24936, 1305, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Andreas Poullikkas

Authors
  1. Pavlos Nikolaidis
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  2. Sotirios Chatzis
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  3. Andreas Poullikkas
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Correspondence to Andreas Poullikkas.

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Nikolaidis, P., Chatzis, S. & Poullikkas, A. Optimal planning of electricity storage to minimize operating reserve requirements in an isolated island grid. Energy Syst 11, 1157–1174 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-019-00355-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-019-00355-x

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